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Diana Baumrind is a researcher who focused on the classification of parenting styles into what is now known as Baumrind’s parenting typology. In her research, she found what she considered to be the four basic elements that could help shape successful parenting: responsiveness vs. unresponsiveness and demanding vs. undemanding. [37]
She was a developmental psychologist at the Institute of Human Development, University of California, Berkeley. [5] She was known for her research on parenting styles [6] [7] and for her critique of deception in psychological research, especially Stanley Milgram's controversial experiment. [8] [9] [10] Baumrind defined three parenting styles:
Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, as articulated in the second half of the 20th century by Erik Erikson in collaboration with Joan Erikson, [1] is a comprehensive psychoanalytic theory that identifies a series of eight stages that a healthy developing individual should pass through from infancy to late adulthood.
The theory of Michael Commons' model of hierarchical complexity is also relevant. The description of stages in these theories is more elaborate and focuses on underlying mechanisms of information processing rather than on reasoning as such. In fact, development in information processing capacity is invoked to explain the development of reasoning.
Erik H. Erikson, (Erikson's stages of psychosocial development) Milton H. Erickson John E. Exner , developed the comprehensive system for administering, coding, and interpreting the Rorschach test
Early adulthood generally refers to the period between ages 18 to 39, [134] and according to theorists such as Erik Erikson, is a stage where development is mainly focused on maintaining relationships. [135] Erikson shows the importance of relationships by labeling this stage intimacy vs isolation.
Vygotsky, a Russian theorist, proposed the sociocultural theory of child development. During the 1920s–1930s, while Piaget was developing his own theory, Vygotsky was an active scholar and at that time his theory was said to be "recent" because it was translated out of Russian and began influencing Western thinking. [9]
Childhood and Society was the first of Erikson's books to become popular. [2] The critic Frederick Crews calls the work "a readable and important book extending Freud's developmental theory." [3] The Oxford Handbook of Identity names Erikson as the seminal figure in "the developmental approach of understanding identity". [4]