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Unlike aromatic compounds, which follow Hückel's rule ([4n+2] π electrons) [1] and are highly stable, antiaromatic compounds are highly unstable and highly reactive. To avoid the instability of antiaromaticity, molecules may change shape, becoming non-planar and therefore breaking some of the π interactions.
Skin whitening, also known as skin lightening and skin bleaching, is the practice of using chemical substances in an attempt to lighten the skin or provide an even skin color by reducing the melanin concentration in the skin. Several chemicals have been shown to be effective in skin whitening, while some have proven to be toxic or have ...
The discovery that [18]annulene possesses a number of key properties associated with other aromatic molecules was an important development in the understanding of aromaticity as a chemical concept. In the related annulynes , one double bond is replaced by a triple bond .
While nicotinic acid (niacin) may be used for this purpose, nicotinamide has the benefit of not causing skin flushing. [4] As a cream, it is used to treat acne, and has been observed in clinical studies to improve the appearance of aging skin by reducing hyperpigmentation and redness. [5] [6] It is a water-soluble vitamin. Side effects are minimal.
Hydroquinone is used as a topical application in skin whitening to reduce the color of skin. It does not have the same predisposition to cause dermatitis as metol does. This is a prescription-only ingredient in some countries, including the member states of the European Union under Directives 76/768/EEC:1976. [23] [24]
Texture: Watery | Ingredients: Water, glycerin | Other benefits: Oil-free, alcohol-free, fragrance-free | Product type: Cleanser | Problem addressed: Makeup removal for sensitive skin After ...
Liniment (from Latin: linere, meaning "to anoint"), also called embrocation and heat rub, is a medicated topical preparation for application to the skin. Some liniments have a viscosity similar to that of water; others are lotion or balm; still, others are in transdermal patches , soft solid sticks, and sprays.
In 2015, a study conducted in the Netherlands showed that inhaling D5 siloxane from personal care products can lead to adverse effects on the respiratory tract, liver and nervous system of ...