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Sometimes sports injuries can be so severe that they lead to death. In 2010 48 youths died from sports injuries. [48] The leading causes of death in youth sports are sudden cardiac arrest, concussion, heat illness and external sickling. [49] Cardiac-related deaths are usually due to an undiagnosed cardiovascular disorder. [50]
Neuroplasticity is the process by which neurons adapt to a disturbance over time, and most often occurs in response to repeated exposure to stimuli. [27] Aerobic exercise increases the production of neurotrophic factors [note 1] (e.g., BDNF, IGF-1, VEGF) which mediate improvements in cognitive functions and various forms of memory by promoting blood vessel formation in the brain, adult ...
Electromyography (EMG) may show particular patterns in specific muscle diseases; for instance, McArdle's disease and phosphofructokinase deficiency show a phenomenon called cramp-like contracture. [18] There are genetic tests available for many of the hereditary muscle conditions that predispose to myoglobinuria and rhabdomyolysis. [12] [13]
Overtraining occurs when a person exceeds their body's ability to recover from strenuous exercise. [1] Overtraining can be described as a point where a person may have a decrease in performance and plateauing as a result of failure to consistently perform at a certain level or training load; a load which exceeds their recovery capacity. [2]
Obesity is a complex disease that affects whole-body metabolism and is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and Type 2 diabetes (T2D). Physical exercise results in numerous health benefits and is an important tool to combat obesity and its co-morbidities, including cardiovascular diseases. Exercise prevents both the ...
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Heat exhaustion can progress to heat stroke, a severe form of heat-related illness characterized by complete failure of thermoregulatory mechanisms. Heat stroke is defined by two key features: a core body temperature above 40 °C (104 °F) and central nervous system dysfunction.
It can be caused by immobility, aging, malnutrition, medications, or a wide range of injuries or diseases that impact the musculoskeletal or nervous system. Muscle atrophy leads to muscle weakness and causes disability. Disuse causes rapid muscle atrophy and often occurs during injury or illness that requires immobilization of a limb or bed rest.