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Piaget coined the term "precausal thinking" to describe the way in which preoperational children use their own existing ideas or views, like in egocentrism, to explain cause-and-effect relationships. Three main concepts of causality as displayed by children in the preoperational stage include: animism , artificialism and transductive reasoning.
Piaget came up with a theory for developmental psychology based on cognitive development. Cognitive development, according to his theory, took place in four stages. [ 1 ] These four stages were classified as the sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational stages.
Jean Piaget is inexorably linked to cognitive development as he was the first to systematically study developmental processes. [6] Despite being the first to develop a systemic study of cognitive development, Piaget was not the first to theorize about cognitive development. [7] Jean-Jacques Rousseau wrote Emile, or On Education in 1762. [8]
Piaget believed that knowledge is a biological function that results from the actions of an individual through change. He also stated that knowledge consists of structures, and comes about by the adaptation of these structures with the environment.
Animism The child believes that inanimate objects have "lifelike" qualities and are capable of action. Example, a child plays with a doll and treats it like a real person. In a way this is like using their imagination. I added this to the preoperational thinking. source: Santrock, W., John. (2006). Life-Span Development Tenth Edition.
Piaget was convinced he had found a way to analyze and access a child's thoughts about the world in a very effective way (Mayer, 2005). Piaget's research provided a combination of theoretical and practical research methods and it has offered a crucial contribution to the field of developmental psychology (Beilin, 1992).
Introduced by the Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget through his cognitive-developmental stage theory, centration is a behaviour often demonstrated in the preoperational stage. [2] Piaget claimed that egocentrism, a common element responsible for preoperational children's unsystematic thinking, was causal to centration. [2]
A common argument for animalism is known as the thinking-animal argument. It asserts the following: [3] A person that occupies a given space also has a Homo sapiens animal occupying the same space. The Homo sapiens animal is thinking. The person occupying the space is thinking. Therefore, a human person is also a human animal.