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Let P t be the price of a security at time t, including any cash dividends or interest, and let P t − 1 be its price at t − 1. Let RS t be the simple rate of return on the security from t − 1 to t.
The Fisher equation can be used in the analysis of bonds.The real return on a bond is roughly equivalent to the nominal interest rate minus the expected inflation rate. But if actual inflation exceeds expected inflation during the life of the bond, the bondholder's real return will suffer.
An annual rate of return is a return over a period of one year, such as January 1 through December 31, or June 3, 2006, through June 2, 2007, whereas an annualized rate of return is a rate of return per year, measured over a period either longer or shorter than one year, such as a month, or two years, annualized for comparison with a one-year ...
If the tax rate is denoted as t, the before-tax nominal earning rate is i, the amount of taxes paid (per dollar or other unit invested) is i × t, and so the after-tax nominal earning is i × (1–t). Hence the expected after-tax real return to the investor, using the simplified approximate Fisher equation above, is given by
The nominal interest rate, also known as an annual percentage rate or APR, is the periodic interest rate multiplied by the number of periods per year. For example, a nominal annual interest rate of 12% based on monthly compounding means a 1% interest rate per month (compounded). [2]
The expected return (or expected gain) on a financial investment is the expected value of its return (of the profit on the investment). It is a measure of the center of the distribution of the random variable that is the return. [1] It is calculated by using the following formula: [] = = where
The rate of return on a portfolio can be calculated indirectly as the weighted average rate of return on the various assets within the portfolio. [3] The weights are proportional to the value of the assets within the portfolio, to take into account what portion of the portfolio each individual return represents in calculating the contribution of that asset to the return on the portfolio.
The nominal interest rate is the accounting interest rate – the percentage by which the amount of dollars (or other currency) owed by a borrower to a lender grows over time, while the real interest rate is the percentage by which the real purchasing power of the loan grows over time. In other words, the real interest rate is the nominal ...