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Denudation rates are usually much lower than the rates of uplift and average orogeny rates can be eight times the maximum average denudation. [24] The only areas at which there could be equal rates of denudation and uplift are active plate margins with an extended period of continuous deformation. [25] Denudation is measured in catchment-scale ...
Dissolved load comprises a significant portion of the total material flux out of a landscape, and its composition is important in regulating the chemistry and biology of the stream water. The dissolved load is primarily controlled by the rate of chemical weathering, which depends on climate and weather conditions such as moisture and ...
where is the number of segregating sites (an example of a segregating site would be a single-nucleotide polymorphism) in the sample and = = is the () th harmonic number. This estimate is based on coalescent theory. Watterson's estimator is commonly used for its simplicity.
One equation used to analyze biological exponential growth uses the birth and death rates in a population. If, in a hypothetical population of size N, the birth rates (per capita) are represented as b and death rates (per capita) as d, then the increase or decrease in N during a time period t will be = ()
Exhumation by tectonic processes refers to any geological mechanism that brings rocks from deeper crustal levels to shallower crustal levels. While erosion or denudation is fundamental in eventually exposing these deeper rocks at the Earth's surface, the geological phenomenon that drive the rocks to shallower crust are still considered exhumation processes.
The RTE is a differential equation describing radiance (, ^,).It can be derived via conservation of energy.Briefly, the RTE states that a beam of light loses energy through divergence and extinction (including both absorption and scattering away from the beam) and gains energy from light sources in the medium and scattering directed towards the beam.
r = the population growth rate, which Ronald Fisher called the Malthusian parameter of population growth in The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection, [2] and Alfred J. Lotka called the intrinsic rate of increase, [3] [4] t = time. The model can also be written in the form of a differential equation: =
The dissociation rate constant is defined using K off. [2] The Michaelis-Menten constant is denoted by K m and is represented by the equation K m = (K off + K cat)/ K on [definition needed]. The rates that the enzyme binds and dissociates from the substrate are represented by K on and K off respectively.