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Open society (French: société ouverte) is a term coined by French philosopher Henri Bergson in 1932, [1] [2] and describes a dynamic system inclined to moral universalism. [3] Bergson contrasted an open society with what he called a closed society , a closed system of law, morality or religion.
Open education is an educational movement founded on openness, with connections to other educational movements such as critical pedagogy, ...
Luhmann considered societal systems, such as religion, law, art, education, science, etc., to be closed systems consisting of different fields of interaction. [8] Organizations were defined as a network of decisions which reproduce themselves; his definition is difficult to apply in terms of finding a real-world example. [8]
The sociology of education is the study of how educational institutions determine social structures, experiences, and other outcomes. It is particularly concerned with the schooling systems of modern industrial societies. [ 138 ]
The sociology of education is the study of how public institutions and individual experiences affect education and its outcomes. It is mostly concerned with the public schooling systems of modern industrial societies, including the expansion of higher , further , adult , and continuing education.
Universal access to education [1] is the ability of all people to have equal opportunity in education, regardless of their social class, race, gender, sexuality, ethnic background or physical and mental disabilities. [2] The term is used both in college admission for the middle and lower classes, and in assistive technology [3] for the disabled.
The Open Educational Quality (OPAL) Initiative define open educational practices as "the use of Open Educational Resources (OER) to raise the quality of education and training and innovate educational practices on institutional, professional and individual level". [15] For the mainstreaming of open educational practices OPAL recommends: [13]
Open learning is an innovative movement in education that emerged in the 1970s and evolved into fields of practice and study. The term refers generally to activities that either enhance learning opportunities within formal education systems or broaden learning opportunities beyond formal education systems. [ 1 ]