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Earthworms have many internal parasites, including protozoa, platyhelminthes, mites, and nematodes; they can be found in the worms' blood, seminal vesicles, coelom, or intestine, or in their cocoons (e.g. the mite Histiostoma murchiei is a parasite of earthworm cocoons [53]).
Worms vary in size from microscopic to over 1 metre (3.3 ft) in length for marine polychaete worms (bristle worms); [1] 6.7 metres (22 ft) for the African giant earthworm, Microchaetus rappi; [2] and 58 metres (190 ft) for the marine nemertean worm (bootlace worm), Lineus longissimus. [3]
The Lumbricidae are a family of earthworms.About 33 lumbricid species have become naturalized around the world, [1] but the bulk of the species are in the Holarctic region: from Canada (e.g. Bimastos lawrenceae on Vancouver Island) and the United States (e.g. Eisenoides carolinensis, Eisenoides lonnbergi and most Bimastos spp.) and throughout Eurasia to Japan (e.g. Eisenia japonica, E. koreana ...
Komarekiona eatoni, or the Kentucky earthworm, is a vulnerable species of nearctic Annelid. K. eatoni is found in the southwestern United States , especially near the Appalachian Mountains , though they range at least northwest to Illinois and northeast to Maryland .
Earthworms are shifting their ranges northwards into forests between 45° and 69° latitude in North America that have lacked native earthworms since the last ice age. [3] Of the 182 taxa of earthworms found in the United States and Canada, 60 (33%) are introduced species, these earthworm species are primarily from Europe and Asia.
However, 'earthworm' can be a source of confusion since, in most of the world, other species are more typical. For example, through much of the unirrigated temperate areas of the world, the "common earthworm" is actually Aporrectodea (=Allolobophora) trapezoides, which in those areas is a similar size and dark colour to L. terrestris.
Opisthopora is an order of mostly terrestrial worms. [1] [2] It is an order of the subclass Oligochaeta, which is distinguished by meganephridiostomal, male pores which open posteriorly to the last testicular segment. [3] It includes the megadrile families of the mostly terrestrial true earthworms. [1] There are currently eight known families. [1]
Invasive earthworms can have a significant impact causing changes in soil profiles, nutrient and organic matter content and other soil organisms or plant communities. In most cases the disturbed areas includes agricultural systems or previously areas that are lacking of earthworms would see the biggest impact of the invasive earthworms. [ 28 ]