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The causes of and treatments for hyponatremia can only be understood by having a grasp of the size of the body fluid compartments and subcompartments and their regulation; how under normal circumstances the body is able to maintain the sodium concentration within a narrow range (homeostasis of body fluid osmolality); conditions can cause that ...
Unsuppressed ADH causes a physiologically inappropriate increase in solute-free water being reabsorbed by the tubules of the kidney to the venous circulation leading to hypotonic hyponatremia (a low plasma osmolality and low sodium levels). [2] The causes of SIADH are commonly grouped into categories including: central nervous system diseases ...
Giggle incontinence is more common in children than adults, typically appearing at ages 5 to 7, [2] and is most common in girls near the onset of puberty [3] but can also happen to boys/males. The condition tends to improve with age, with fewer episodes during the teenage years, [ 2 ] but may persist into the teenage years or adulthood. [ 3 ]
Common causes in pediatric patients may be diarrheal illness, frequent feedings with dilute formula, water intoxication via excessive consumption, and enemas. [3] Pseudohyponatremia is a false low sodium reading that can be caused by high levels of fats or proteins in the blood.
It is important to note that sudden restoration of blood volume to normal will turn off the stimulus for continued ADH secretion. Hence, a prompt water diuresis will occur. This can cause a sudden and dramatic increase in the serum sodium concentration and place the patient at risk for so-called "central pontine myelinolysis" (CPM). CPM is a ...
Diurnal enuresis is daytime wetting (functional daytime urinary incontinence). Nocturnal enuresis is nighttime wetting. Enuresis is defined as the involuntary voiding of urine beyond the age of anticipated control. Both of these conditions can occur at the same time, although many children with nighttime wetting will
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A pediatric day can be categorized into 3 periods: 7 AM to 12 PM, 12 PM to 5 PM, and after 5 PM. [13] Children with enuresis are usually dehydrated and drink the most after 5 PM. [13] This can be remedied by having the child drink 40% of daily fluid requirement before noon, 40% from noon to 4:30 PM, and 20% in the evening. [13]