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Electron affinity can be defined in two equivalent ways. First, as the energy that is released by adding an electron to an isolated gaseous atom. The second (reverse) definition is that electron affinity is the energy required to remove an electron from a singly charged gaseous negative ion.
In any case, the value of the electron affinity of a solid substance is very different from the chemistry and atomic physics electron affinity value for an atom of the same substance in gas phase. For example, a silicon crystal surface has electron affinity 4.05 eV, whereas an isolated silicon atom has electron affinity 1.39 eV.
The Mulliken electronegativity can only be calculated for an element whose electron affinity is known. Measured values are available for 72 elements, while approximate values have been estimated or calculated for the remaining elements. The Mulliken electronegativity of an atom is sometimes said to be the negative of the chemical potential. [14]
Data table: electronegativities of the elements Number Symbol Name electronegativity WEL CRC LNG; 1: H: hydrogen: 2.20: same 2: He: helium: no data: same 3: Li ...
This is a list of chemical elements and their atomic properties, ordered by atomic number (Z). Since valence electrons are not clearly defined for the d-block and f-block elements, there not being a clear point at which further ionisation becomes unprofitable, a purely formal definition as number of electrons in the outermost shell has been used.
The energy released when an electron is added to a neutral gaseous atom to form an anion is known as electron affinity. [14] Trend-wise, as one progresses from left to right across a period , the electron affinity will increase as the nuclear charge increases and the atomic size decreases resulting in a more potent force of attraction of the ...
The energy required to remove one or more electrons to make a cation is a sum of successive ionization energies; for example, the energy needed to form Mg 2+ is the ionization energy required to remove the first electron from Mg, plus the ionization energy required to remove the second electron from Mg +. Electron affinity is defined as the ...
In atomic physics, the chemical potential of the electrons in an atom is sometimes [21] said to be the negative of the atom's electronegativity. Likewise, the process of chemical potential equalization is sometimes referred to as the process of electronegativity equalization. This connection comes from the Mulliken electronegativity scale.