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Cluster of differentiation 40, CD40 is a type I transmembrane protein found on antigen-presenting cells and is required for their activation. The binding of CD154 on T H cells to CD40 activates antigen presenting cells and induces a variety of downstream effects.
Antigen presentation stimulates immature T cells to become either mature "cytotoxic" CD8+ cells or mature "helper" CD4+ cells. An antigen-presenting cell (APC) or accessory cell is a cell that displays an antigen bound by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins on its surface; this process is known as antigen presentation.
Defective interaction of CD40L-CD40 between CD4+ T cells and antigen presenting cells (APCs) is known as the underlying cause of HIGM syndromes. CD40L-CD40 interaction is the first step in B cell stimulation for class switch recombination (CSR) and somatic hyper mutation (SHM) resulting in the generation of various Ig isotypes. [8]
The latter case induces recognition by antigen-specific Th2 cells or Tfh cells, leading to activation of the B cell through binding of TCR to the MHC-antigen complex. It is followed by synthesis and presentation of CD40L (CD154) on the Th2 cell, which binds to CD40 on the B cell, thus the Th2 cell can co-stimulate the B cell. [11]
CD154, also called CD40 ligand or CD40L, is a protein that is primarily expressed on activated T cells [5] and is a member of the TNF superfamily of molecules. It binds to CD40 on antigen-presenting cells (APC), which leads to many effects depending on the target cell type.
Also known as B-cell antigen receptor complex-associated protein alpha chain and MB-1 membrane glycoprotein, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CD79A gene. Together with CD79B, forms a dimer associated with the formation of the B-cell antigen receptor (BCR), enabling a cell to respond to the presence of antigens on its surface. CD79B
After activation by antigen, these B cells proliferate. If these activated B cells encounter specific signaling molecules via their CD40 and cytokine receptors (both modulated by T helper cells), they undergo antibody class switching to produce IgG, IgA or IgE antibodies. During class switching, the constant region of the immunoglobulin heavy ...
The MHC I pathway is normally used to present endogenous antigens that have infected a particular cell. However, cross presenting cells are able to utilize the MHC I pathway to present exogenous antigens (ones not from the cell itself) to trigger an adaptive immune response by activating cytotoxic CD8+ T cells recognizing the exogenous antigens ...
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