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Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder [1] characterized by tremors, slow movement, muscle rigidity, postural instability (collectively known as parkinsonism), autonomic dysfunction and ataxia.
In multiple system atrophy, autonomic dysfunction appears earlier and is more severe, [39] and is accompanied by uncoordinated movements, while visual hallucinations and fluctuating cognition are less common than in DLB. [153] Urinary difficulty is one of the earliest symptoms with multiple system atrophy, and is often severe. [70]
multiple system atrophy; Alzheimer's disease; ALS; semantic or logopenic variant primary progressive aphasia; structural lesion suggestive of focal cause; granulin mutation or reduced plasma progranulin levels; TDP-43 or fused in sarcoma (FUS) mutations [20] The diagnostic criteria for clinical use may result in a misdiagnosis of other tau ...
They include multiple system atrophy (MSA), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), and corticobasal degeneration (CBD). Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), may or may not be part of the PD spectrum, but it is increasingly recognized as the second-most common type of neurodegenerative dementia after Alzheimer's disease.
Neurodegenerative diseases include amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, multiple system atrophy, tauopathies, and prion diseases. Neurodegeneration can be found in the brain at many different levels of neuronal circuitry, ranging from molecular to systemic. [4]
Cerebral atrophy; Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy; Cerebral dysgenesis–neuropathy–ichthyosis–keratoderma syndrome; Cerebral gigantism; Cerebral palsy; Cerebral vasculitis; Cerebrospinal fluid leak; Cervical spinal stenosis; Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease; Chiari malformation; Chorea
There are three main types of synucleinopathy: Parkinson's disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and multiple system atrophy (MSA). [1] Other rare disorders, such as various neuroaxonal dystrophies, also have α-synuclein pathologies. [2]
The Armstrong criteria were proposed in 2013; the accuracy of these is limited and further research is needed. [7] Symptoms may be symmetric or asymmetric, with one or more of the following: [citation needed] limb rigidity or akinesia; limb dystonia; limb myoclonus, plus one of: orobuccal or limb apraxia; cortical sensory deficit