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  2. Double-disk diffusion test - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-disk_diffusion_test

    The two antimicrobial disks contain erythromycin and clindamycin and are placed 25 mm apart when testing Staphylococcus and 15 mm apart for Streptococcus. This is called a D-zone test , or D test . If a 'D' shape is formed around the clindamycin disk (distinguished from a circular zone of inhibition) then the isolate is reported as resistant to ...

  3. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methicillin-resistant...

    MRSA is any strain of S. aureus that has developed (through natural selection) or acquired (through horizontal gene transfer) a multiple drug resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics. Beta-lactam (β-lactam) antibiotics are a broad-spectrum group that include some penams ( penicillin derivatives such as methicillin and oxacillin ) and cephems such ...

  4. Clindamycin - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clindamycin

    Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic medication used for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections, including osteomyelitis (bone) or joint infections, pelvic inflammatory disease, strep throat, pneumonia, acute otitis media (middle ear infections), and endocarditis. [5]

  5. Drug of last resort - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_of_last_resort

    A drug of last resort (DoLR), also known as a heroic dose, [1] is a pharmaceutical drug which is tried after all other drug options have failed to produce an adequate response in the patient. Drug resistance , such as antimicrobial resistance or antineoplastic resistance , may make the first-line drug ineffective, especially in case of ...

  6. List of antibiotic-resistant bacteria - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_antibiotic...

    The evolution of bacteria on a "Mega-Plate" petri dish A list of antibiotic resistant bacteria is provided below. These bacteria have shown antibiotic resistance (or antimicrobial resistance). Gram positive Clostridioides difficile Clostridioides difficile is a nosocomial pathogen that causes diarrheal disease worldwide. Diarrhea caused by C. difficile can be life-threatening. Infections are ...

  7. Antimicrobial spectrum - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimicrobial_spectrum

    Narrow-spectrum antibiotics have low propensity to induce bacterial resistance and are less likely to disrupt the microbiome (normal microflora). [3] On the other hand, indiscriminate use of broad-spectrum antibiotics may not only induce the development of bacterial resistance and promote the emergency of multidrug-resistant organisms, but also cause off-target effects due to dysbiosis.

  8. List of antibiotics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_antibiotics

    Indicated for complicated skin/skin structure infections, soft tissue infections and complicated intra-abdominal infections. Effective for gram-positive, gram-negative, anaerobic, and against multi-antibiotic resistant bacteria (such as Staphylococcus aureus [MRSA] and Acinetobacter baumannii), but not effective for Pseudomonas spp. and Proteus ...

  9. Lincosamides - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincosamides

    Clindamycin alone has been shown to be efficacious in the treatment of acne, [24] toxic shock syndrome [25] and malaria, [26] and to decrease the risk of premature births in women with bacterial vaginosis. [27] Lincosamide antibiotics may also be useful in the treatment of methicillin-resistant S. aureus. [28]

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