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In text-to-image retrieval, users input descriptive text, and CLIP retrieves images with matching embeddings. In image-to-text retrieval, images are used to find related text content. CLIP’s ability to connect visual and textual data has found applications in multimedia search, content discovery, and recommendation systems. [31] [32]
DALL-E was developed and announced to the public in conjunction with CLIP (Contrastive Language-Image Pre-training). [23] CLIP is a separate model based on contrastive learning that was trained on 400 million pairs of images with text captions scraped from the Internet.
Generative pretraining (GP) was a long-established concept in machine learning applications. [16] [17] It was originally used as a form of semi-supervised learning, as the model is trained first on an unlabelled dataset (pretraining step) by learning to generate datapoints in the dataset, and then it is trained to classify a labelled dataset.
max is the maximum value for color level in the input image within the selected kernel. min is the minimum value for color level in the input image within the selected kernel. [4] Local contrast stretching considers each range of color palate in the image (R, G, and B) separately, providing a set of minimum and maximum values for each color palate.
SimCLR is a contrastive approach which uses negative examples in order to generate image representations with a ResNet CNN. [34] Bootstrap Your Own Latent (BYOL) removes the need for negative samples by encoding one of the views with a slow moving average of the model parameters as they are being modified during training.
To improve the convergence stability, some training strategies start with an easier task, such as generating low-resolution images [14] or simple images (one object with uniform background), [15] and gradually increase the difficulty of the task during training. This essentially translates to applying a curriculum learning scheme.
L. Language Computer Corporation; Language engineering; Language identification; Language resource; Language technology; LanguageWare; Large language model
A training data set is a data set of examples used during the learning process and is used to fit the parameters (e.g., weights) of, for example, a classifier. [9] [10]For classification tasks, a supervised learning algorithm looks at the training data set to determine, or learn, the optimal combinations of variables that will generate a good predictive model. [11]