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Karyolysis (from Greek κάρυον karyon—kernel, seed, or nucleus), and λύσις lysis from λύειν lyein, "to separate") is the complete dissolution of the chromatin of a dying cell due to the enzymatic degradation by endonucleases.
Pyknosis, or the irreversible nuclear condensation (a nuclear morphology) in a cell (generally old vertebrate leukocyte cells) is the result of a cell undergoing either apoptosis or necrosis. [3] There are two types of pyknosis: nucleolytic pyknosis and anucleolytic pyknosis.
During apoptosis, a cell goes through a series of steps as it eventually breaks down into apoptotic bodies, which undergo phagocytosis.In the context of karyorrhexis, these steps are, in chronological order, pyknosis (the irreversible condensation of chromatin), karyorrhexis (fragmentation of the nucleus and condensed DNA) and karyolysis (dissolution of the chromatin due to endonucleases).
Affected cells then proceed to blebbing, and this is followed by pyknosis, in which nuclear shrinkage transpires. [21] In the final step of this pathway cell nuclei are dissolved into the cytoplasm, which is referred to as karyolysis. [21] The second pathway is a secondary form of necrosis that is shown to occur after apoptosis and budding. [21]
The stages of cellular necrosis include pyknosis, the clumping of chromosomes and shrinking of the nucleus of the cell; karyorrhexis, the fragmentation of the nucleus and break up of the chromatin into unstructured granules; and karyolysis, the dissolution of the cell nucleus. [10]
From 4-24 hours coagulative necrosis begins to be seen, which is characterized by the removal of dead cardiomyocytes through heterolysis and the nucleus through karyorrhexis, karyolysis, and pyknosis. [3] On gross examination, coagulative necrosis shows darkened discoloration of the infarcted tissue.
Cadaveric spasm, also known as postmortem spasm, instantaneous rigor mortis, cataleptic rigidity, or instantaneous rigidity, is a rare form of muscular stiffening that occurs at the moment of death and persists into the period of rigor mortis. [1]
Coagulative necrosis is most commonly caused by conditions that do not involve severe trauma, toxins or an acute or chronic immune response.The lack of oxygen (hypoxia) causes cell death in a localized area which is perfused by blood vessels failing to deliver primarily oxygen, but also other important nutrients.