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The tip-of-the-tongue experience is a classic example of blocking, which is a failure to retrieve information that is available in memory even though you are trying to produce it. [2] The information you are trying to remember has been encoded and stored, and a cue is available that would usually trigger its recollection. [2]
Cue-dependent forgetting (also, context-dependent forgetting) or retrieval failure, is the failure to recall a memory due to missing stimuli or cues that were present at the time the memory was encoded. Encoding is the first step in creating and remembering a memory.
Individuals with frontal lobe damage have deficits in temporal context memory; [6] source memory can also exhibit deficits in those with frontal lobe damage. [7] It appears that those with frontal lobe damage have difficulties with recency and other temporal judgements (e.g., placing events in the order they occurred), [8] and as such they are unable to properly attribute their knowledge to ...
Lifestyle and memory. How you go about your days and nights can have a definite impact on your memory. For example: Sleep is seen to be critical to how our brains store memories, ...
Autobiographical memories appraised as highly negative are remembered with a high degree of accuracy and detail. [74] This observation is in line with psychological understanding of human memory, which explains that highly salient and distinctive events—common characteristics of negative traumatic experiences—are remembered well. [75]
When a person experiences a traumatic event that could trigger negative emotions, the person may attempt to avoid that memory as a short-term coping strategy. Over time, this memory retrieval style becomes negatively reinforced and generalizes to other memories that could potentially be connected to the original negative memory, leading to OGM. [3]
Individuals may alter their recollections when contrary information is suggested, even though their memory may be true, due to the distrust in their memory. [citation needed] For example, a person has a memory of a house and recalls it to be white. Then, a trusted family member begins talking with them and suggests that it was red instead.
Individuals who are experiencing post-hypnotic amnesia cannot have their memories recovered once put back under hypnosis; it is therefore not state-dependent. Nevertheless, memories may return when presented with a pre-arranged cue. This makes post-hypnotic amnesia similar to psychogenic amnesia, as it disrupts the retrieval process of memory. [2]