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The most recent bill, the George Floyd Justice in Policing Act of 2021, was introduced by then-California Representative Karen Bass in the 117th Congress in response to the murder of George Floyd in May 2020. [2] [3] [4] The bill passed the House of Representatives on March 3, 2021, and was received by the Senate six days later on March 9. [2]
August Vollmer: The Father of American Policing. Carolina Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-61163-559-1; Carte, Gene E. and Elaine H. (1975). Police Reform in the United States: The Era of August Vollmer. University of California Press. Parker, Alfred E. (1972). The Berkeley Police Story (Springfield, Ill: Charles C. Thomas, 1972)
The cost of policing rapidly expanded during the 1960s. In 1951, American cities spent $82 per person on policing. Adjusting for inflation, police spending increased over 300% by 2016, to $286 per person. [55] In the 1990s, many law enforcement agencies began to adopt community policing strategies, and others adopted problem-oriented policing.
The President's Task Force on 21st Century Policing was created by an executive order signed by United States President Barack Obama on December 18, 2014. [1] Obama created it in response to the unrest in Ferguson, Missouri following the shooting of Michael Brown by a police officer there. [ 2 ]
The authority for use of police power under American Constitutional law has its roots in English and European common law traditions. [3] Even more fundamentally, use of police power draws on two Latin principles, sic utere tuo ut alienum non laedas ("use that which is yours so as not to injure others"), and salus populi suprema lex esto ("the welfare of the people shall be the supreme law ...
Zipper said long before there was a focus on "community policing," the task force was embroiled in just that. "We were doing community policing before community policing was en vogue," he said.
However, Spade cites Ruth Wilson Gilmore and Craig Gilmore's article "Beyond Bratton" in Policing the Planet in order to express how legitimacy crises historically have often actually resulted in the expansion of policing: "In the U.S., after the crisis in the 1960s and 70s that was provoked by the Black Panther Party, the Young Lords, and so ...
Criminal justice reform is the reform of criminal justice systems. Stated reasons for criminal justice reform include reducing crime statistics, racial profiling, police brutality, overcriminalization, mass incarceration, under-reporting, and recidivism or improving Victims' rights, Prisoners' rights and crime prevention.