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This disturbance rejection feature allows users to treat the considered system with a simpler model insofar as the negative effects of modeling uncertainty are compensated in real time. As a result, the operator does not need a precise analytical description of the base system; one can model the unknown parts of the dynamics as internal ...
Additionally, a larger step change ensures that the output does not change due to a disturbance (for best results, try to minimize disturbances when performing the step test). One way to determine the parameters for the first-order process is using the 63.2% method.
The Hopkinson pressure bar was first suggested by Bertram Hopkinson in 1914 [1] as a way to measure stress pulse propagation in a metal bar. Later, in 1949 Herbert Kolsky [2] refined Hopkinson's technique by using two Hopkinson bars in series, now known as the split-Hopkinson bar, to measure stress and strain, incorporating advancements in the cathode ray oscilloscope in conjunction with ...
In electronics, the common mode rejection ratio (CMRR) of a differential amplifier (or other device) is a metric used to quantify the ability of the device to reject common-mode signals, i.e. those that appear simultaneously and in-phase on both inputs. An ideal differential amplifier would have infinite CMRR, however this is not achievable in ...
The direct stiffness method originated in the field of aerospace. Researchers looked at various approaches for analysis of complex airplane frames. These included elasticity theory, energy principles in structural mechanics, flexibility method and matrix stiffness method. It was through analysis of these methods that the direct stiffness method ...
The test method for conducting the test usually involves a specified test fixture on a universal testing machine. Details of the test preparation, conditioning, and conduct affect the test results. The sample is placed on two supporting pins a set distance apart and two loading pins placed at an equal distance around the center.
For some problems this is not the case. In order for a numerical method to give a reliable solution to the differential system sometimes the step size is required to be at an unacceptably small level in a region where the solution curve is very smooth. The phenomenon is known as stiffness. In some cases there may be two different problems with ...
The dynamic component is computed as the product of the pile velocity times the damping factor (a soil parameter related to soil grain size). The static component is the total soil resistance minus the dynamic component). Dynamic load testing takes a further step in analyzing the data and computing static capacity and resistance distribution.