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Oral contraceptive pills have contradictory results from different studies regarding any effect of decreasing relapse rate in women with multiple sclerosis. [77] Certain medications for MS symptoms, such as carbamazepine (used to treat spasms and pain) and modafinil (used to treat fatigue) can make oral contraceptive pills less effective. [77]
Fingolimod, sold under the brand name Gilenya, is an immunomodulating medication, used for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. [4] Fingolimod is a sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulator, which sequesters lymphocytes in lymph nodes, preventing them from contributing to an autoimmune reaction. It has been reported to reduce the rate of ...
Ocrelizumab, sold under the brand name Ocrevus, is a medication used for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. It is a humanized anti- CD20 monoclonal antibody . [ 8 ] It targets CD20 marker on B lymphocytes and is an immunosuppressive drug . [ 10 ]
The most common side effects include rash, infusion-related reactions, fatigue, diarrhea, musculoskeletal pain, and upper respiratory tract infection. [8] Mogamulizumab was approved for medical use in Japan in 2012. It was approved for medical use in the United States and the European Union in 2018.
In the United states, natalizumab is indicated for the treatment of multiple sclerosis and Crohn's disease. [1] [9] It is indicated to treat clinically isolated syndrome – a single, first occurrence of multiple sclerosis symptoms; relapsing-remitting disease – a type of multiple sclerosis that occurs when people have episodes of new neurological symptoms followed by periods of stability ...
Ofatumumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody to CD20, which appears to provide rapid B-cell depletion. [13] Under the brand name Kesimpta, it is approved for the treatment of multiple sclerosis in the United States as well as in the European Union and other regions.
Siponimod is indicated for the treatment of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis, which is the progressive neurological decline of multiple sclerosis that happens independent of acute relapses. [1] In active secondary progressive multiple sclerosis, siponimod decreases the risk of disability and multiple sclerosis relapses. [1]
Monomethyl fumarate, sold under the brand name Bafiertam is a medication used for the treatment of relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis, to include clinically isolated syndrome, relapsing-remitting disease, and active secondary progressive disease, in adults. [1] It is taken by mouth. [1]