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Specifically it is used for malaria due to Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale along with other medications and for prevention if other options cannot be used. [2] It is an alternative treatment for Pneumocystis pneumonia together with clindamycin. [2] [3] It is taken by mouth. [2] Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, and stomach cramps.
Plasmodium vivax is a protozoal parasite and a human pathogen.This parasite is the most frequent and widely distributed cause of recurring malaria. [2] Although it is less virulent than Plasmodium falciparum, the deadliest of the five human malaria parasites, P. vivax malaria infections can lead to severe disease and death, often due to splenomegaly (a pathologically enlarged spleen).
P. vivax and P. ovale that have been sitting in EDTA for more than half an hour before the blood film is made will look very similar in appearance to P. malariae, which is an important reason to warn the laboratory immediately when the blood sample is drawn so they can process the sample as soon as it arrives.
Primaquine is a highly active 8-aminoquinolone that is effective against P. falcipraum gametocytes but also acts on merozoites in the bloodstream and on hypnozoites, the dormant hepatic forms of P. vivax and P. ovale. [15] It is the only known drug to cure both relapsing malaria infections and acute cases.
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the treatment of uncomplicated P. falciparum with artemisinin-based combination therapy. [8] Given in combination with lumefantrine, it may be followed by a 14-day regimen of primaquine to prevent relapse of P. vivax or P. ovale malarial parasites and provide a complete cure. [9]
The epitope Fy6 is required for P. vivax invasion. [21] The protection to P. vivax malaria conferred by the absence of the Duffy antigen appears to be very limited at best in Madagascar. Although 72% of the population are Duffy antigen negative, 8.8% of the Duffy antigen negative individuals were asymptomatic carriers of P. vivax. [66]
With respect to acute malaria, it is used together with other medications to prevent relapse by Plasmodium vivax. [3] It may be used to prevent all types of malaria. [3] It is taken by mouth. [4] Common side effects include vomiting, headache, and dizziness. [4] Other side effects may include methemoglobinemia, trouble sleeping, and anaphylaxis ...
This term is applied for Plasmodium species that are not associated with hypnozoite-mediated recurrences, such as P. falciparum, P. malariae, and P. knowlesi. Recrudescence is also used for malarial recurrence caused by drug-resistant strains of P. vivax and P. ovale where parasites remained in the bloodstream despite treatment. [6] [7]
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