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Vertebrobasilar insufficiency (VBI) describes a temporary set of symptoms due to decreased blood flow in the posterior circulation of the brain.The posterior circulation supplies the medulla, pons, midbrain, cerebellum and (in 70-80% of people) supplies the posterior cerebellar artery to the thalamus and occipital cortex. [1]
The otoconia floats freely in the inner ear fluid, causing disorientation and vertigo. [1] The disorder can be tested for using a nystagmus test, such as the Dix-Hallpike maneuver. This disorder can disrupt the function of the righting reflex as the symptoms of vertigo and disorientation prevent proper postural control.
Vertigo typically indicates a problem in a part of the vestibular system. [2] Other causes of dizziness include presyncope, disequilibrium, and non-specific dizziness. [2] Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo is more likely in someone who gets repeated episodes of vertigo with movement and is otherwise normal between these episodes. [9]
Vertigo or dizziness; Weakness of limbs; Symptoms are frequently worsened by a Valsalva maneuver, or by being upright for long periods of time. The reason that being upright is problematic is that gravity allows increased interaction between the brain stem and the top of the spinal column, increasing symptoms.
The part of the spinal cord that was damaged corresponds to the spinal nerves at that level and below. Injuries can be cervical 1–8 (C1–C8), thoracic 1–12 (T1–T12), lumbar 1–5 (L1–L5), [9] or sacral (S1–S5). [10] A person's level of injury is defined as the lowest level of full sensation and function. [11]
Neck pain, also known as cervicalgia, is a common problem, with two-thirds of the population having neck pain at some point in their lives. [1]Since there is not a universally accepted classification for neck pain, it is difficult to study the different neck pain types.
Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is a disorder arising from a problem in the inner ear. [3] Symptoms are repeated, brief periods of vertigo with movement, characterized by a spinning sensation upon changes in the position of the head. [ 1 ]
After the introduction of SCIWORA, the term was expanded to adults presenting with degenerative changes. Some authors used the term spinal cord injury without radiographic evidence of trauma (SCIWORET) to describe these cases. Furthermore, the introduction of computed tomography enabled a more detailed depiction of the spine.