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The history of scrolls dates back to ancient Egypt. In most ancient literate cultures scrolls were the earliest format for longer documents written in ink or paint on a flexible background, preceding bound books ; [ 2 ] rigid media such as clay tablets were also used but had many disadvantages in comparison.
Scroll of the Book of Esther, Seville, Spain Ingredients used in making ink for Hebrew scrolls today A scroll (from the Old French escroe or escroue ), also known as a roll , is a roll of papyrus , parchment , or paper containing writing.
Parchment is also extremely affected by its environment and changes in humidity, which can cause buckling. Books with parchment pages were bound with strong wooden boards and clamped tightly shut by metal (often brass) clasps or leather straps; [20] this acted to keep the pages pressed flat despite humidity changes. Such metal fittings ...
Start downloading a Wikipedia database dump file such as an English Wikipedia dump. It is best to use a download manager such as GetRight so you can resume downloading the file even if your computer crashes or is shut down during the download. Download XAMPPLITE from (you must get the 1.5.0 version for it to work). Make sure to pick the file ...
The scrolls were analysed using a cyclotron at the University of California, Davis, where it was found that all black ink was carbon black. [64] The red ink on the scrolls was found to be made with cinnabar (HgS, mercury sulfide). [65] There are only four uses of this red ink in the entire collection of Dead Sea Scroll fragments. [65]
The En-Gedi Scroll, also called the En-Gedi Leviticus Scroll (EGLev) is an ancient Hebrew parchment found in 1970 at Ein Gedi, Israel. Radiocarbon testing dates the scroll to the third or fourth century CE (88.9% certainty for 210–390 CE), although there is disagreement over whether the evidence from the writing itself supports that date.
A 200-year-old Yemenite Torah scroll, on gevil parchment, from the Rambam Synagogue in Nahalat Ahim, Jerusalem.The sofer was from the Sharabi family. Gevil or gewil (Hebrew: גויל) or (Hebrew: גוויל) is a type of parchment made from full-grain animal hide that has been prepared as a writing material in Jewish scribal documents, in particular a Sefer Torah (Torah scroll).
The pattern resembles waves in water or a series of parchment scrolls viewed on end. "Vitruvian" refers to the Roman architect Marcus Vitruvius Pollio ("Vitruvius"), who wrote the oldest extant book on architecture , [ 2 ] which describes some of the classical architectural orders .