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Glycated hemoglobin, also called glycohemoglobin, is a form of hemoglobin (Hb) that is chemically linked to a sugar. [ note 1 ] Most monosaccharides , including glucose , galactose , and fructose , spontaneously (that is, non-enzymatically ) bond with hemoglobin when they are present in the bloodstream.
The levels of glycated hemoglobin are therefore measured in order to monitor the long-term control of the chronic disease of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Poor control of T2DM results in high levels of glycated hemoglobin in the red blood cells. The normal reference range is approximately 4.0–5.9%.
Measurement of HbA1c—the predominant form of glycated hemoglobin—enables medium-term blood sugar control to be monitored in diabetes. Some glycation products are implicated in many age-related chronic diseases, including cardiovascular diseases (the endothelium, fibrinogen, and collagen are damaged) and Alzheimer's disease (amyloid proteins ...
There are multiple types of hemoglobin that have been found in the human body alone. Hemoglobin A is the “normal” hemoglobin, the variant of hemoglobin that is most common after birth. Hemoglobin A2 is a minor component of hemoglobin found in red blood cells. Hemoglobin A2 makes up less than 3% of total red blood cell hemoglobin.
Erythrocruorin (from Greek eruthros "red" + Latin cruor "blood"), and the similar chlorocruorin (from Greek khlÅros "green" + Latin cruor "blood"), are large oxygen-carrying hemeprotein complexes, which have a molecular mass greater than 3.5 million daltons. [1] Both are sometimes called giant hemoglobin or hexagonal bilayer haemoglobin.
This enzyme deficiency may provoke the sudden destruction of red blood cells and lead to hemolytic anemia with jaundice following the intake of fava beans, certain legumes and various drugs" ..... and Glycated hemoglobin/A1C is a: "form of hemoglobin that is measured primarily to identify the three-month average plasma glucose concentration ...
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red Sodium: Na yellow/orange Magnesium: Mg brilliant white Potassium: K lilac/violet Calcium: Ca brick red Rubidium: Rb red-violet Strontium: Sr red Caesium: Cs light blue Barium: Ba green/yellow Copper: Cu Blue/Green(Often with white flashes) Lead: Pb Grey/White