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The most important tree for use in resin extraction is the black pine (Pinus nigra), which has the greatest resin content of all of the European coniferous trees, and it was even used as early as by the Romans for this very purpose. [2] These trees are generally best tapped for their resin between the ages of 90 and 120 years old.
Pinus nigra is a large coniferous evergreen tree, growing to 20–55 metres (66–180 feet) high at maturity and spreading to 6 to 12 m (20 to 39 ft) wide.The bark is gray to yellow-brown, and is widely split by flaking fissures into scaly plates, becoming increasingly fissured with age.
Maritime pine bark extract is an extract from the bark of Pinus pinaster which is used as a dietary supplement. It is composed mostly of proanthocyanidins . [ 1 ] Pycnogenol is a trademarked name for a standardized preparation that contains 70% procyanidins .
Young female cone Pinus sylvestris forest in Sierra de Guadarrama, central Spain. Pinus sylvestris is an evergreen coniferous tree growing up to 35 metres (115 feet) in height [4] and 1 m (3 ft 3 in) in trunk diameter when mature, [5] exceptionally over 45 m (148 ft) tall and 1.7 m (5 + 1 ⁄ 2 ft) in trunk diameter on very productive sites.
They are dense in grape seeds and skin, and therefore in red wine and grape seed extract, cocoa, nuts and all Prunus fruits (most concentrated in the skin), and in the bark of Cinnamomum [4] and Pinus pinaster (pine bark; formerly known as Pinus maritima), along with many other pine species.
Pinus pinaster is a medium-size tree, reaching 20–35 metres (66–115 feet) tall with a trunk diameter of up to 1.2 m (4 ft), exceptionally 1.8 m (6 ft). Pinus pinaster Cones. The bark is orange-red, thick, and deeply fissured at the base of the trunk, somewhat thinner in the upper crown.
Members of the modern genera Pinus (pines), Picea (spruce) and Cedrus (cedar) first appear during the Early Cretaceous. [19] [20] [21] The extinct Cretaceous genera Pseudoaraucaria and Obirastrobus appear to be members of Abietoideae, while Pityostrobus appears to be non-monophyletic, containing many disparately related members of Pinaceae. [18]
Pinus nigra Aiton 1789 not J.F. Arnold 1785 Picea mariana , the black spruce , is a North American species of spruce tree in the pine family . It is widespread across Canada, found in all 10 provinces and all 3 territories .
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