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During the first year of life, infants spend most of their time sleeping. An infant can go through several periods of change in sleep patterns. These can start at 1 week, occurring weekly or fortnightly, until 8 years of age due to innate and external factors that contribute to sleep. [3]
Truss pad. In medicine, a truss is a kind of surgical appliance, particularly one used for hernia patients. A truss provides support for the herniated area, using a pad and belt arrangement to hold it in the correct position, just when it is put on before moving from bed.
Sleep recommendations suggest that adolescents should obtain 8–10 hours of sleep per night. Additionally, there is a shift in the body's circadian rhythm such that sleep and wake timings become later during adolescence. [2] Technology, social factors, and physical development are thought to contribute to poor sleep during this time.
After sleep, there is increased insight. This is because sleep helps people to reanalyze their memories. The same patterns of brain activity that occur during learning have been found to occur again during sleep, only faster. One way that sleep strengthens memories is by weeding out the less successful connections between neurons in the brain.
A plot of SIDS rate from 1988 to 2006. The Safe to Sleep campaign, formerly known as the Back to Sleep campaign, [1] is an initiative backed by the US National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) at the US National Institutes of Health to encourage parents to have their infants sleep on their backs (supine position) to reduce the risk of sudden infant death syndrome, or SIDS.
The core body and brain temperatures increase during REM sleep and skin temperature decreases to lowest values. [1] The REM phase is also known as paradoxical sleep (PS) and sometimes desynchronized sleep or dreamy sleep, [2] because of physiological similarities to waking states including rapid, low-voltage desynchronized brain waves.
Using unihemispheric slow-wave sleep, birds are able to maintain environmental awareness and aerodynamic control of wings while obtaining the necessary sleep they need to sustain attention during wakefulness. Their sleep is more asymmetric in flight than on land, and they sleep mostly while circling air currents during flight.
EMG (electromyography) is a crucial method to distinguish between sleep phases: for example, a decrease of muscle tone is in general a characteristic of the transition from wake to sleep, [5] [6] and during REM sleep, there is a state of muscle atonia (paralysis), resulting in an absence of signals in the EMG. [5]