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In standard SQL:1999 hierarchical queries are implemented by way of recursive common table expressions (CTEs). Unlike Oracle's earlier connect-by clause, recursive CTEs were designed with fixpoint semantics from the beginning. [1] Recursive CTEs from the standard were relatively close to the existing implementation in IBM DB2 version 2. [1]
The purpose of a PL/SQL function is generally used to compute and return a single value. This returned value may be a single scalar value (such as a number, date or character string) or a single collection (such as a nested table or array). User-defined functions supplement the built-in functions provided by Oracle Corporation. [6]
[2] Another alternative definition makes the oracle tape read-only, and eliminates the ASK and RESPONSE states entirely. Before the machine is started, the indicator function of the oracle set is written on the oracle tape using symbols 0 and 1. The machine is then able to query the oracle by scanning to the correct square on the oracle tape ...
In mathematical optimization, oracle complexity is a standard theoretical framework to study the computational requirements for solving classes of optimization problems. It is suitable for analyzing iterative algorithms which proceed by computing local information about the objective function at various points (such as the function's value, gradient, Hessian etc.).
This clause currently is supported by CA DATACOM/DB 11, IBM DB2, SAP SQL Anywhere, PostgreSQL, EffiProz, H2, HSQLDB version 2.0, Oracle 12c and Mimer SQL. Microsoft SQL Server 2008 and higher supports FETCH FIRST, but it is considered part of the ORDER BY clause. The ORDER BY, OFFSET, and FETCH FIRST clauses are all required for this usage.
An example of such a function is the function that returns 0 for all even integers, and 1 for all odd integers. In lambda calculus , from a computational point of view, applying a fixed-point combinator to an identity function or an idempotent function typically results in non-terminating computation.
A pseudo-oracle, as defined by Weyuker, [12] is a separately written program which can take the same input as the program or SUT so that their outputs may be compared to understand if there might be a problem to investigate. A partial oracle [6]: 515 is a hybrid between specified test oracle and derived test oracle. It specifies important (but ...
"A function φ is primitive recursive in ψ 1, ..., ψ k (briefly Ψ), if there is a finite sequence φ 1, ..., φ k of (occurrences of) functions ... such that each function of the sequence is either one of the functions Ψ (the assumed functions), or an initial function, or an immediate dependent of preceding functions, and the last function ...