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Valentinian was born in 321 at Cibalae (now Vinkovci, Croatia) in southern Pannonia [4] [5] into a family of Illyro-Roman origin. [6] Valentinian and his younger brother Valens were the sons of Gratianus (nicknamed Funarius), a military officer renowned for his wrestling skills.
He was reputed to be an extremely eloquent man who possessed a great deal of charisma and had an innate ability to attract people. [6] He went to Rome some time between AD 136 and 140, in the time of Pope Hyginus , and had risen to the peak of his teaching career between AD 150 and 155, during the time of Pius .
Theodosius the Elder was made magister equitum in 369, and retained the post until 375. [1] The magister equitum and his son Theodosius campaigned against the Alamanni 370. [1] The two Theodosi campaigned against Sarmatians in 372/373. [1] Valentinian's rule in Roman Africa was disrupted by the revolt of Firmus in 373. [2]
As a grandson of Theodosius I (r. 379–395), Valentinian was also a member of the Theodosian dynasty, to which his wife, Licinia Eudoxia, also belonged. A year before assuming the rank of augustus, Valentinian was given the imperial rank of caesar by his half-cousin and co-emperor Theodosius II (r. 402–450).
Gerard Friell and Stephen Williams concur, summarizing Arbogast as "a first-class military commander with a fine record, very popular with the army and wholly loyal to the houses of Valentinian and Theodosius". [15] In reality, the ancient sources contain few mentions of successful combat led by Arbogast.
Gratian (/ ˈ ɡ r eɪ ʃ i ən /; [3] Latin: Gratianus; 18 April 359 – 25 August 383) was emperor of the Western Roman Empire from 367 to 383. The eldest son of Valentinian I, Gratian was raised to the rank of Augustus as a child and inherited the West after his father's death in 375.
Stilicho [2] (/ ˈ s t ɪ l ɪ k oʊ /; c. 359 – 22 August 408) was a military commander in the Roman army who, for a time, became the most powerful man in the Western Roman Empire. [3] [4] He was partly of Vandal origins and married to Serena, the niece of emperor Theodosius I. He became guardian for the underage Honorius. [5]
When Galla married Theodosius, she became both a Roman empress and a stepmother to Theodosius’ two sons from his first marriage, Arcadius and Honorius. In July and August of 388, the combined troops of Theodosius I and Valentinian II invaded the territory of Maximus under the leadership of Richomeres, Arbogast, Promotus, and Timasius.