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  2. History of bread - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_bread

    For generations, white bread was the preferred bread of the rich while the poor ate dark (whole grain) bread. However, in most Western societies, the connotations reversed in the late 20th century, with whole-grain bread becoming preferred as having superior nutritional value while Chorleywood bread became associated with lower-class ignorance ...

  3. Sugar substitute - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_substitute

    A sugar substitute is a food additive that provides a sweetness like that of sugar while containing significantly less food energy than sugar-based sweeteners, making it a zero-calorie (non-nutritive) [2] or low-calorie sweetener. Sugar substitute products are commercially available in various forms, such as small pills, powders and packets.

  4. History of sugar - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_sugar

    Sugar was a luxury in Europe until the early 19th century, when it became more widely available, due to the rise of beet sugar in Prussia, and later in France under Napoleon. [56] Beet sugar was a German invention, since, in 1747, Andreas Sigismund Marggraf announced the discovery of sugar in beets and devised a method using alcohol to extract ...

  5. Baker percentage - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker_percentage

    An ingredient's mass is obtained by multiplying the formula mass by that ingredient's true percentage; because an ingredient's true percentage is that ingredient's baker's percentage divided by the formula percentage expressed as parts per hundred, an ingredient's mass can also be obtained by multiplying the formula mass by the ingredient's ...

  6. Baker's yeast - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker's_yeast

    Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the yeast commonly used as baker's yeast. Gradation marks are 1 μm apart.. Baker yeast is the common name for the strains of yeast commonly used in baking bread and other bakery products, serving as a leavening agent which causes the bread to rise (expand and become lighter and softer) by converting the fermentable sugars present in the dough into carbon dioxide and ...

  7. White sugar - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_sugar

    Its molecular formula is C 12 H 22 O 11. [2] White sugars produced from sugar cane and sugar beet are chemically indistinguishable: it is possible, however, to identify its origin through a carbon-13 analysis. [1] White sugar (and some brown sugar) produced from sugar cane may be refined using bone char by a few sugar cane refiners. [3]

  8. Straight dough - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_dough

    Baking: The proofed dough is loaded into a hot oven for baking. During the first few minutes, the remaining rise will occur in the dough and is known as oven spring . Starch gelatinization begins at 105 °F (41 °C), [ 34 ] the yeast dies at 140 °F (60 °C), [ 35 ] and the baking is finished when the product reaches an internal temperature of ...

  9. List of shortbread biscuits and cookies - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shortbread...

    Hallongrotta – a common Swedish cookie made with butter, flour, baking powder, sugar and vanilla, usually filled with raspberry jam. Hello Panda – a brand of Japanese biscuit, manufactured by Meiji Seika. Jammie Dodgers – a popular British biscuit, made from shortbread with a raspberry or strawberry flavoured jam filling.