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The intercept theorem, also known as Thales's theorem, basic proportionality theorem or side splitter theorem, is an important theorem in elementary geometry about the ratios of various line segments that are created if two rays with a common starting point are intercepted by a pair of parallels.
When modelling relations between two different classes of objects, bipartite graphs very often arise naturally. For instance, a graph of football players and clubs, with an edge between a player and a club if the player has played for that club, is a natural example of an affiliation network, a type of bipartite graph used in social network analysis.
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Figure 1: Schematic of an electrical circuit illustrating current division. Notation R T refers to the total resistance of the circuit to the right of resistor R X.. In electronics, a current divider is a simple linear circuit that produces an output current (I X) that is a fraction of its input current (I T).
In the mathematical field of differential geometry, there are various splitting theorems on when a pseudo-Riemannian manifold can be given as a metric product. The best-known is the Cheeger–Gromoll splitting theorem for Riemannian manifolds, although there has also been research into splitting of Lorentzian manifolds.
For integer number of dimensions , when doubling a side of an object, copies of it are created, i.e. 2 copies for 1-dimensional object, 4 copies for 2-dimensional object and 8 copies for 3-dimensional object. For the Sierpiński triangle, doubling its side creates 3 copies of itself.
A planar separator for a grid graph. Consider a grid graph with rows and columns; the number of vertices equals .For instance, in the illustration, =, =, and = =.If is odd, there is a single central row, and otherwise there are two rows equally close to the center; similarly, if is odd, there is a single central column, and otherwise there are two columns equally close to the center.
Frobenius coin problem with 2-pence and 5-pence coins visualised as graphs: Sloping lines denote graphs of 2x+5y=n where n is the total in pence, and x and y are the non-negative number of 2p and 5p coins, respectively.