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  2. Incorporation of the Bill of Rights - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incorporation_of_the_Bill...

    In United States constitutional law, incorporation is the doctrine by which portions of the Bill of Rights have been made applicable to the states.When the Bill of Rights was ratified, the courts held that its protections extended only to the actions of the federal government and that the Bill of Rights did not place limitations on the authority of the state and local governments.

  3. Palko v. Connecticut - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palko_v._Connecticut

    Incorporation of the Bill of Rights was selective, not a general rule, and in this case the Court declined to incorporate the protection from double jeopardy against the states, even though the protection would most certainly have been upheld against the federal government.

  4. Constitutional documents - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_documents

    By convention, most common law jurisdictions divide the constitutional documents of companies into two separate documents: [1]. the Memorandum of Association (in some countries referred to as the Articles of Incorporation) is the primary document, and will generally regulate the company's activities with the outside world, such as the company's objects and powers.

  5. Certificate of incorporation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_incorporation

    A certificate of incorporation is a legal document/license relating to the formation of a company or corporation. It is a license to form a corporation issued by the state government or, in some jurisdictions, by a non-governmental entity/corporation. [1] Its precise meaning depends upon the legal system in which it is used.

  6. Public policy doctrines for the exclusion of relevant evidence

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_policy_doctrines...

    A subsequent remedial measure is an improvement, repair, or safety measure made after an injury has occurred. FRE 407 [dead link ‍] prohibits the admission of evidence of subsequent remedial measures to show defendant's (1) negligence; (2) culpable conduct; (3) a defect in defendant's product; (4) defect in the design of defendant's product; or (5) the need for a warning or instruction.

  7. G. L. Christian and Associates v. United States - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._L._Christian_and...

    The Government may save some money in the short run under this principle of “I know my contract rights when I see them," but in the long run the public who pay the costs will be the losers."" [9] The Nash & Cibinic Report after reporting on several early 1990 Christian Doctrine cases wrote:

  8. Articles of association - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articles_of_association

    Articles of association are critical documents to corporate operations, as they may regulate both internal and external affairs. [1] Articles of incorporation, also referred to as the certificate of incorporation or the corporate charter, is a document or charter that establishes the existence of a corporation in the United States and Canada.

  9. De facto corporation and corporation by estoppel - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto_corporation_and...

    There must have been a good faith attempt to comply with the statute by the intended incorporators (for example, if the articles of incorporation were mailed to the appropriate office, but addressed to the wrong person, lost in the mail, or not filed by the corporation by the time the corporation began acting in an official capacity);