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In the era of the old quantum theory, starting from Max Planck's proposal of quanta in his model of blackbody radiation (1900) and Albert Einstein's adaptation of the concept to explain the photoelectric effect (1905), and until Erwin Schrödinger published his eigenfunction equation in 1926, [1] the concept behind quantum numbers developed based on atomic spectroscopy and theories from ...
In quantum mechanics, the principal quantum number (symbolized n) is one of four quantum numbers assigned to each electron in an atom to describe that electron's state. Its values are natural numbers (from one) making it a discrete variable.
The term "azimuthal quantum number" was introduced by Arnold Sommerfeld in 1915 [1]: II:132 as part of an ad hoc description of the energy structure of atomic spectra. . Only later with the quantum model of the atom was it understood that this number, ℓ, arises from quantization of orbital angular moment
In quantum mechanics, the eigenvalue of an observable is said to be a good quantum number if the observable is a constant of motion.In other words, the quantum number is good if the corresponding observable commutes with the Hamiltonian.
Quantum mechanics is a fundamental theory that describes the behavior of nature at and below the scale of atoms. [2]: 1.1 It is the foundation of all quantum physics, which includes quantum chemistry, quantum field theory, quantum technology, and quantum information science.
The word quantum is the neuter singular of the Latin interrogative adjective quantus, meaning "how much"."Quanta", the neuter plural, short for "quanta of electricity" (electrons), was used in a 1902 article on the photoelectric effect by Philipp Lenard, who credited Hermann von Helmholtz for using the word in the area of electricity.
The (total) spin quantum number has only one value for every elementary particle. Some introductory chemistry textbooks describe m s as the spin quantum number, [6] [7] and s is not mentioned since its value 1 / 2 is a fixed property of the electron; some even use the variable s in place of m s. [5]
In quantum chemistry, the quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM), sometimes referred to as atoms in molecules (AIM), is a model of molecular and condensed matter electronic systems (such as crystals) in which the principal objects of molecular structure - atoms and bonds - are natural expressions of a system's observable electron density distribution function.