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They range from those of water at very low concentrations approaching 0% HCl to values for fuming hydrochloric acid at over 40% HCl. [ 31 ] [ 32 ] [ 33 ] Hydrochloric acid as the binary (two-component) mixture of HCl and H 2 O has a constant-boiling azeotrope at 20.2% HCl and 108.6 °C (381.8 K; 227.5 °F).
The proton-ordered form of ice XII. [70] Formation requires HCl doping. [71] Ice XV 2009 [72] 80 K (−193.2 °C) – 108 K (−165 °C) (formation from liquid water) 1.1GPa (formation from liquid water) A proton-ordered form of ice VI formed by cooling water to around 80–108 K at 1.1 GPa. Ice XVI 2014 [73]
Upon mixing of concentrated hydrochloric acid and concentrated nitric acid, chemical reactions occur. These reactions result in the volatile products nitrosyl chloride and chlorine gas: HNO 3 + 3 HCl → NOCl + Cl 2 + 2 H 2 O. as evidenced by the fuming nature and characteristic yellow color of aqua regia.
An example of a negative azeotrope is hydrochloric acid at a concentration of 20.2% and 79.8% water (by mass). Hydrogen chloride boils at −85 °C and water at 100 °C, but the azeotrope boils at 110 °C, which is higher than either of its constituents. The maximum boiling point of any hydrochloric acid solution is 110 °C. Other examples:
For example H 3 O + CuCl 2 − forms in concentrated hydrochloric acid. [15] Chloride is displaced by CN − and S 2 O 3 2−. [12] Solutions of CuCl in HCl absorb carbon monoxide to form colourless complexes such as the chloride-bridged dimer [CuCl(CO)] 2. The same hydrochloric acid solutions also react with acetylene gas to form [CuCl(C 2 H 2)].
Fe 2 O 3 + 6 HCl + 9 H 2 O → 2 FeCl 3 (H 2 O) 6. In complementary route, iron metal can be oxidized by hydrochloric acid followed by chlorination: [10] Fe + 2 HCl → FeCl 2 + H 2 FeCl 2 + 0.5 Cl 2 + 6 H 2 O → FeCl 3 (H 2 O) 6. A number of variables apply to these processes, including the oxidation of iron by ferric chloride and the ...
The third stable eutectic has 18.4% (mass) of NaOH. It solidifies at about −28.7 °C as a mixture of water ice and the heptahydrate NaOH·7H 2 O. [18] [22] When solutions with less than 18.4% NaOH are cooled, water ice crystallizes first, leaving the NaOH in solution. [18] The α form of the tetrahydrate has density 1.33 g/cm 3.