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  2. List of circulating fixed exchange rate currencies - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circulating_fixed...

    Fixed currency Anchor currency Rate (anchor / fixed) Abkhazian apsar: Russian ruble: 0.1 Alderney pound (only coins) [1]: Pound sterling: 1 Aruban florin: U.S. dollar: 1.79

  3. History of the euro - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_euro

    Euro Zone inflation. The euro came into existence on 1 January 1999, although it had been a goal of the European Union (EU) and its predecessors since the 1960s. After tough negotiations, the Maastricht Treaty entered into force in 1993 with the goal of creating an economic and monetary union (EMU) by 1999 for all EU states except the UK and Denmark (even though Denmark has a fixed exchange ...

  4. Euro - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro

    After its introduction on 4 January 1999 its exchange rate against the other major currencies fell reaching its lowest exchange rates in 2000 (3 May vs sterling, 25 October vs the U.S. dollar, 26 October vs Japanese yen). Afterwards it regained and its exchange rate reached its historical highest point in 2008 (15 July vs US dollar, 23 July vs ...

  5. List of countries by exchange rate regime - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by...

    De Facto Classification of Exchange Rate Arrangements, as of April 30, 2021, and Monetary Policy Frameworks [2] Exchange rate arrangement (Number of countries) Exchange rate anchor Monetary aggregate target (25) Inflation Targeting framework (45) Others (43) US Dollar (37) Euro (28) Composite (8) Other (9) No separate legal tender (16) Ecuador ...

  6. International status and usage of the euro - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_status_and...

    Several European microstates outside the EU have adopted the euro as their currency. For EU sanctioning of this adoption, a monetary agreement must be concluded. Prior to the launch of the euro, agreements were reached with Monaco, San Marino, and Vatican City by EU member states (Italy in the case of San Marino and Vatican City, and France in the case of Monaco) allowing them to use the euro ...

  7. List of countries by foreign-exchange reserves - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by...

    In 2023, reserves were reported to be $598.69 billion, reflecting some fluctuations due to global economic conditions and changes in the balance of trade. [207] India's foreign exchange reserves consists of its holdings in major currencies such as the U.S. dollar, euro, and yen.

  8. Exchange rate - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchange_rate

    The spot exchange rate is the current exchange rate, while the forward exchange rate is an exchange rate that is quoted and traded today but for delivery and payment on a specific future date. In the retail currency exchange market, different buying and selling rates will be quoted by money dealers.

  9. Enlargement of the eurozone - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_eurozone

    The enlargement of the eurozone is an ongoing process within the European Union (EU).All member states of the European Union, except Denmark which negotiated an opt-out from the provisions, are obliged to adopt the euro as their sole currency once they meet the criteria, which include: complying with the debt and deficit criteria outlined by the Stability and Growth Pact, keeping inflation and ...