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  2. Reality principle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reality_principle

    In infancy and early childhood, the Id governs behavior predominantly by obeying the pleasure principle. Maturity is the slow process of learning to endure the pain of deferred gratification as and when reality requires it – a process Freud saw as fostered by education and educators. [9]

  3. Piaget's theory of cognitive development - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piaget's_theory_of...

    Piaget argued that reality is a construction. Reality is defined in reference to the two conditions that define dynamic systems. Specifically, he argued that reality involves transformations and states. [9] Transformations refer to all manners of changes that a thing or person can undergo.

  4. Paranoid-schizoid and depressive positions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranoid-schizoid_and...

    Ogden and James Grotstein have continued to explore early infantile states of mind, and incorporating the work of Donald Meltzer, Ester Bick and others, postulate a position preceding the paranoid-schizoid. Grotstein, following Bion, also hypothesizes a transcendent position which emerges following attainment of the depressive position.

  5. Glasser's choice theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasser's_choice_theory

    Hence the intense focus on the improvement of relationships in counseling with choice theory—the "new reality therapy". Individuals who are familiar with both reality therapy and choice theory may have a preference for the latter, which is considered a more modern approach.

  6. Developmental psychology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_psychology

    Conventional moral reason occurs during late childhood and early adolescence and is characterized by reasoning based on rules and conventions of society. Lastly, post-conventional moral reasoning is a stage during which the individual sees society's rules and conventions as relative and subjective, rather than as authoritative.

  7. Personality psychology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personality_psychology

    One of Sigmund Freud's earlier associates, Alfred Adler, agreed with Freud that early childhood experiences are important to development, and believed birth order may influence personality development. Adler believed that the oldest child was the individual who would set high achievement goals in order to gain attention lost when the younger ...

  8. Pleasure principle (psychology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleasure_principle...

    Freud contrasted the pleasure principle with the counterpart concept of the reality principle, which describes the capacity to defer gratification of a desire when circumstantial reality disallows its immediate gratification. In infant and early childhood, the id rules behavior by obeying only the pleasure principle. People at that age only ...

  9. Cognitive development - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_development

    Cognitive development is a field of study in neuroscience and psychology focusing on a child's development in terms of information processing, conceptual resources, perceptual skill, language learning, and other aspects of the developed adult brain and cognitive psychology.

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