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Theano is an open source project [3] primarily developed by the Montreal Institute for Learning Algorithms (MILA) at the Université de Montréal. [4]The name of the software references the ancient philosopher Theano, long associated with the development of the golden mean.
Python is a high-level, general-purpose programming language that is popular in artificial intelligence. [1] It has a simple, flexible and easily readable syntax. [2] Its popularity results in a vast ecosystem of libraries, including for deep learning, such as PyTorch, TensorFlow, Keras, Google JAX.
Differentiable programming has found use in a wide variety of areas, particularly scientific computing and machine learning. [5] One of the early proposals to adopt such a framework in a systematic fashion to improve upon learning algorithms was made by the Advanced Concepts Team at the European Space Agency in early 2016. [6]
For example, TensorFlow Recommenders and TensorFlow Graphics are libraries for their respective functionalities in recommendation systems and graphics, TensorFlow Federated provides a framework for decentralized data, and TensorFlow Cloud allows users to directly interact with Google Cloud to integrate their local code to Google Cloud. [68]
JAX is a machine learning framework for transforming numerical functions. [2] [3] [4] It is described as bringing together a modified version of autograd (automatic obtaining of the gradient function through differentiation of a function) and OpenXLA's XLA (Accelerated Linear Algebra).
Keras is an open-source library that provides a Python interface for artificial neural networks.Keras was first independent software, then integrated into the TensorFlow library, and later supporting more.
CuPy has been initially developed as a backend of Chainer deep learning framework, and later established as an independent project in 2017. [ 6 ] CuPy is a part of the NumPy ecosystem array libraries [ 7 ] and is widely adopted to utilize GPU with Python, [ 8 ] especially in high-performance computing environments such as Summit , [ 9 ...
Deep learning is a subset of machine learning that focuses on utilizing neural networks to perform tasks such as classification, regression, and representation learning. The field takes inspiration from biological neuroscience and is centered around stacking artificial neurons into layers and "training" them to process data.