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  2. Cost estimate - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost_estimate

    A cost estimator is the professional who prepares cost estimates. There are different types of cost estimators, whose title may be preceded by a modifier, such as building estimator, or electrical estimator, or chief estimator. Other professionals such as quantity surveyors and cost engineers may also prepare cost estimates or contribute to cost

  3. Composite repair - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_repair

    The decision to repair or scrap is determined by considering the extent of repair needed to replace the original structural performance of the composite. Other considerations are the repair costs, the position and accessibility of the damage and the availability of suitable repair materials.

  4. Seismic retrofit - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic_retrofit

    In reinforced concrete buildings, masonry infill walls are considered non-structural elements, but damage to infills can lead to large repair costs and change the behaviour of a structure, even leading to aforementioned soft-storey or beam-column joint shear failures. Local failure of the infill panels due to in and out-of-plane mechanisms, but ...

  5. Structural engineering - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_engineering

    Structural engineers also must understand and calculate the stability, strength, rigidity and earthquake-susceptibility of built structures for buildings [1] and nonbuilding structures. The structural designs are integrated with those of other designers such as architects and building services engineer and often supervise the construction of ...

  6. Flitch beam - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flitch_beam

    An 1883 article from The American Architect and Building News compares three alternatives in a hypothetical railway station "in which the second story is devoted to offices, and where we must use girders to support the second floor of 25-foot span, and not less than 12 feet on centres if we can avoid it.

  7. Damage tolerance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damage_tolerance

    In engineering, damage tolerance is a property of a structure relating to its ability to sustain defects safely until repair can be effected. The approach to engineering design to account for damage tolerance is based on the assumption that flaws can exist in any structure and such flaws propagate with usage.

  8. Concrete slab - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete_slab

    A concrete slab is a common structural element of modern buildings, consisting of a flat, horizontal surface made of cast concrete. Steel-reinforced slabs, typically between 100 and 500 mm thick, are most often used to construct floors and ceilings, while thinner mud slabs may be used for exterior paving (see below). [1] [2]

  9. Home improvement - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_improvement

    The concept of home improvement, home renovation or remodeling is the process of renovating, making improvements or making additions to one's home. [1] Home improvement can consist of projects that upgrade an existing home interior (such as electrical and plumbing), exterior (masonry, concrete, siding, roofing) or other improvements to the property (i.e. garden work or garage maintenance ...

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