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The superior cervical ganglion (SCG) is the upper-most and largest [1] of the cervical sympathetic ganglia of the sympathetic trunk. [1] [2] It probably formed by the union of four sympathetic ganglia of the cervical spinal nerves C1–C4. [1] It is the only ganglion of the sympathetic nervous system that innervates the head and neck.
The cervical ganglion has three paravertebral ganglia: superior cervical ganglion (largest) – adjacent to C2 & C3; postganglionic axon projects to target: (heart, head, neck) via "hitchhiking" on the carotid arteries; middle cervical ganglion (smallest) – adjacent to C6; target: heart, neck; inferior cervical ganglion.
There are usually 22–23 pairs of these ganglia: three cervical ganglia, 12 thoracic ganglia (the stellate ganglion (cervicothoracic) is formed from the fusion of the first thoracic ganglion with the inferior cervical ganglion), four lumbar ganglia, and four or five sacral ganglia. In the area of the coccyx there is a small ganglion impar. The ...
Sympathetic connections of the ciliary and superior cervical ganglia. (Ciliospinal center not labeled, but region is situated in spinal cord segment T1-T2, which is labeled; red dots situated within ciliospinal center.) Pathway in blue actually represents parasympathetic pathway.
Submandibular ganglion; Suboccipital nerve; Superficial branch of the radial nerve; Superficial fibular nerve; Superior cardiac nerve; Superior cervical ganglion; Superior ganglion of glossopharyngeal nerve; Superior ganglion of vagus nerve; Superior gluteal nerve; Superior hypogastric plexus; Superior labial nerve; Superior laryngeal nerve
Postganglionic sympathetic fibres ascend from the superior cervical ganglion, along the walls of the internal carotid artery, to enter the internal carotid plexus.These fibres are then distributed to deep structures, including the superior tarsal muscle and pupillary dilator muscle. [2]
It is in relation, behind, with the longus capitis, the superior cervical ganglion of the sympathetic trunk, and the superior laryngeal nerve; laterally, with the internal jugular vein and vagus nerve, the nerve lying on a plane posterior to the artery; medially, with the pharynx, superior laryngeal nerve, and ascending pharyngeal artery.
The stellate ganglion (or cervicothoracic ganglion [1]) is a sympathetic ganglion formed by the fusion of the inferior cervical ganglion and the first thoracic (superior thoracic sympathetic) ganglion, [2] which is present in 80% of individuals. Sometimes, the second and the third thoracic ganglia are included in this fusion.