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The main varieties of Kurdish are Kurmanji, Sorani, and Southern Kurdish (Xwarîn). The majority of the Kurds speak Kurmanji, [15] and most Kurdish texts are written in Kurmanji and Sorani. Kurmanji is written in the Hawar alphabet, a derivation of the Latin script, and Sorani is written in the Sorani alphabet, a derivation of the Arabic script.
The first proper text in Kurmanji is a Christian missionary prayer in the Armenian script from the first half of the 14th century. [17] A growing interest in the use of Kurmanji in literature began from the 14th century on when Kurdistan had relative political stability and economic prosperity.
There are general descriptions of ergativity in Kurdish, [2] [3] as well as in specific forms of Kurdish, such as Sorani [4] and Kurmanji. [5] Kurmanji and Sorani Kurdish have a split-ergative system. Transitive verbs show nominative/accusative marking in the present tense, and ergative marking in the past tense. [6]
The Kurdish Wikipedia established on 7 January 2004, [2] designed to contain articles in Kurmanji and Sorani at the same time. On 12 August 2009, Kurdish Wikipedia separated into two versions due to technical and linguistic issues. The old version (ku.) remained as Kurmanji Kurdish Wikipedia and a new version (ckb.) created for Sorani Kurdish ...
Southern Kurdish has many variants, linguist Fattah divides them into 35 varieties. These include: Bîcarî. The most septentrional variety of Southern Kurdish spoken in and around Bijar in Iran.
The Kurdistan newspaper established in 1898, prior to latinization, was written in the Kurmanji dialect using Arabic script. Kurdish is written using either of two alphabets: the Latin-based Bedirxan or Hawar alphabet, introduced by Celadet Alî Bedirxan in 1932 and popularized through the Hawar magazine, and the Kurdo-Arabic alphabet.
A manuscript of Kurdish Shahnameh from the archive of legacy committee of Vejin in Mariwan. Some of the well-known Gorani language poets and writers are Mele Perîşan (1356–1431), Shaykh Mustafa Takhtayi, Mistefa Bêsaranî (1642–1701), Muhammad Kandulayi (late 17th century), Khana Qubadi (1700–1759), Shayda Awrami (1784–1852) and Mastoureh Ardalan) (1805–1848).
Khorasani Kurds speak the Kurmanji dialect of Kurdish and are Shia Muslims. [3] Many Khorasani Kurds are bilingual in Khorasani Turkic, mainly due to intermarriages with Khorasani Turks. However, Persian is the lingua franca. [4] There are about 696 Kurdish villages in the two Khorasan provinces. [5]