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Oral infection with high-risk carcinogenic HPV types (most commonly HPV 16) [41] is associated with an increasing number of head and neck cancers. [69] [53] [70] [71] This association is independent of tobacco and alcohol use. [71] [72] [73] The local percentage varies widely, from 70% in the United States [74] to 4% in Brazil. [75]
DNA tests are available for diagnosis of high-risk HPV infections. Because genital warts are caused by low-risk HPV types, DNA tests cannot be used for diagnosis of genital warts or other low-risk HPV infections. [4] Some practitioners use an acetic acid solution to identify smaller warts ("subclinical lesions"), but this practice is ...
The cause of CIN is chronic infection of the cervix with HPV, especially infection with high-risk HPV types 16 or 18. It is thought that the high-risk HPV infections have the ability to inactivate tumor suppressor genes such as the p53 gene and the RB gene, thus allowing the infected cells to grow unchecked and accumulate successive mutations, eventually leading to cancer.
The highest-risk types are HPV 16 and 18; these are responsible for the vast majority of HPV-related cancers, including cancers of the cervix, vagina, vulva, penis, anus, and head and neck.
Over 20 different high-risk HPV subtypes have been implicated in causing head and neck cancer. In particular, HPV-16 is responsible for up to 90% of oropharyngeal cancer in North America. [56] Approximately 15–25% of head and neck cancers contain genomic DNA from HPV, [66] and the association varies based on the site of the tumor. [67]
Risk factors for vulvar cancer are largely related to the causal pathways above, involving exposure or infection with the HPV virus and/or acquired or innate auto-immunity. [19] [20] Increasing age; History of vulvar or cervical intraepithelial neoplasia; Increased number of male sexual partners; Prior history pre-invasive or invasive cervical ...
Papillomaviridae is a family of non-enveloped DNA viruses whose members are known as papillomaviruses. [1] Several hundred species of papillomaviruses, traditionally referred to as "types", [2] have been identified infecting all carefully inspected mammals, [2] but also other vertebrates such as birds, snakes, turtles and fish.
Her suspicions were aroused when she contracted a high-risk form of HPV, a sexually transmitted infection linked to cervical cancer, despite having been tested for ten years.
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