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The plasticity index is the size of the range of water contents where the soil exhibits plastic properties. The PI is the difference between the liquid and plastic limits (PI = LL-PL). Soils with a high PI tend to be clay, those with a lower PI tend to be silt, and those with a PI of 0 (non-plastic) tend to have little or no silt or clay.
Synthetic polymers began replacing other chemical binders for soil stabilization in agriculture in the late 20th century. [1] Compared to traditional chemical binders, polymer soil additives can achieve the same amount of strengthening at much lower concentrations – for example, mixtures of 0.5-1% of various biopolymers have strength levels that match or exceed those of 10% cement mixtures ...
Cohesive strength (c) for some materials Material Cohesive strength in kPa Cohesive strength in psi; Rock: 10 000: 1450: Silt: 75: 10: Clay: 10 to 200: 1.5 to 30: Very soft clay 0 to 48: 0 to 7: Soft clay 48 to 96: 7 to 14: Medium clay 96 to 192: 14 to 28: Stiff clay 192 to 384: 28 to 56: Very stiff clay 384 to 766: 28 to 110: Hard clay > 766 > 110
Plasticity in a crystal of pure metal is primarily caused by two modes of deformation in the crystal lattice: slip and twinning. Slip is a shear deformation which moves the atoms through many interatomic distances relative to their initial positions.
High-strength concrete has a compressive strength greater than 40 MPa (6000 psi). In the UK, BS EN 206-1 [3] defines High strength concrete as concrete with a compressive strength class higher than C50/60. High-strength concrete is made by lowering the water-cement (W/C) ratio to 0.35 or lower.
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Figure 1: View of Drucker–Prager yield surface in 3D space of principal stresses for =, =. The Drucker–Prager yield criterion [1] is a pressure-dependent model for determining whether a material has failed or undergone plastic yielding.
Unlike traditional concrete structures, polymer concrete requires no coating or welding of PVC-protected seams. [4] It can also be used as a bonded wearing course for asphalt pavement, for higher durability and higher strength upon a concrete substrate, and in skate parks, as it is a very smooth surface. [citation needed]