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  2. Bragg's law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bragg's_law

    The glancing angle θ (see figure on the right, and note that this differs from the convention in Snell's law where θ is measured from the surface normal), the wavelength λ, and the "grating constant" d of the crystal are connected by the relation: [11]: 1026 = ⁡ where is the diffraction order (= is first order, = is second order, [10]: 221 ...

  3. Force between magnets - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_between_magnets

    Magnets exert forces and torques on each other through the interaction of their magnetic fields.The forces of attraction and repulsion are a result of these interactions. The magnetic field of each magnet is due to microscopic currents of electrically charged electrons orbiting nuclei and the intrinsic magnetism of fundamental particles (such as electrons) that make up the mater

  4. Miller index - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller_index

    Note, for Laue–Bragg interferences h k ℓ {\displaystyle hk\ell } lacks any bracketing when designating a reflection Miller indices were introduced in 1839 by the British mineralogist William Hallowes Miller , although an almost identical system ( Weiss parameters ) had already been used by German mineralogist Christian Samuel Weiss since ...

  5. Numerical relativity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_relativity

    Numerical relativity is one of the branches of general relativity that uses numerical methods and algorithms to solve and analyze problems. To this end, supercomputers are often employed to study black holes , gravitational waves , neutron stars and many other phenomena described by Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity .

  6. Crystal monochromator - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_monochromator

    Crystal monochromators utilize the atomic lattice structure of a crystal to diffract incident radiation at specific angles. The diffraction condition is defined by Bragg’s Law: nλ=2dsinθ Where: n: Order of diffraction, λ: Wavelength of the incident radiation, d: Spacing between atomic planes in the crystal, θ: Angle of incidence.

  7. Davisson–Germer experiment - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davisson–Germer_experiment

    The experimental outcome was 0.165 nm via Bragg's law, which closely matched the predictions. As Davisson and Germer state in their 1928 follow-up paper to their Nobel prize winning paper, "These results, including the failure of the data to satisfy the Bragg formula, are in accord with those previously obtained in our experiments on electron ...

  8. Glossary of physics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_physics

    Boyle's law A chemical law which states that the volume of a given mass of a gas at constant temperature is inversely proportional to its pressure. Bra–ket notation Bragg's law bremsstrahlung Radiation emitted by the acceleration of unbound charged particles. Brewster's angle. Also called the polarization angle.

  9. Newton's method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton's_method

    An illustration of Newton's method. In numerical analysis, the Newton–Raphson method, also known simply as Newton's method, named after Isaac Newton and Joseph Raphson, is a root-finding algorithm which produces successively better approximations to the roots (or zeroes) of a real-valued function.