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Lysis (/ ˈ l aɪ s ɪ s / LY-sis; from Greek λῠ́σῐς lýsis 'loosening') is the breaking down of the membrane of a cell, often by viral, enzymic, or osmotic (that is, "lytic" / ˈ l ɪ t ɪ k / LIT-ik) mechanisms that compromise its integrity. A fluid containing the contents of lysed cells is called a lysate.
Sonoporation, or cellular sonication, is the use of sound in the ultrasonic range for increasing the permeability of the cell plasma membrane. This technique is usually used in molecular biology and non-viral gene therapy in order to allow uptake of large molecules such as DNA into the cell, in a cell disruption process called transfection or ...
Sonication is the act of applying sound energy to agitate particles in a sample, for various purposes such as the extraction of multiple compounds from plants, microalgae and seaweeds. [1] Ultrasonic frequencies (> 20 kHz) are usually used, leading to the process also being known as ultrasonication or ultra-sonication .
It has since been used in other applications such as cell disruption nanoemulsions, and solid particle size reduction, among others. By using microchannels with fixed geometry, and an intensifier pump, high shear rates are generated that rupture the cells. This method of cell lysis can yield breakage of over 90% of E. coli cells. [9]
Protein purification is a critical process in molecular biology and biochemistry, aimed at isolating a specific protein from a complex mixture, such as cell lysates or tissue extracts. [9] The goal is to obtain the protein in a pure form that retains its biological activity for further study, including functional assays, structural analysis, or ...
Sonication is often employed to provide local mixing of streams through the generation of ultra-high energy acoustics. [26] Microfluidic chips utilizing sonication mixing can have both integrated and externally located ultrasonic transducers. [27] Sonication is also used widely for cell lysis and homogenization in both macro and microfluidic ...
The French pressure cell press, or French press, is an apparatus used in biological experimentation to disrupt the plasma membrane of cells by passing them through a narrow valve under high pressure. [1] The French press can also be used for disintegration of chloroplasts, homogenates of animal tissue, and other biological particles.
[4] [16] The lysis step helps to release the nucleic material from the cells. [1] [4] [16] Following cell lysis, chromatin is solubilized with dilute SDS in order to remove proteins that have not been crosslinked and to open chromatin and make it more accessible for subsequent restriction endonuclease-mediated digestion. [4]