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An underdamped response is one that oscillates within a decaying envelope. The more underdamped the system, the more oscillations and longer it takes to reach steady-state. Here damping ratio is always less than one. Critically damped A critically damped response is the response that reaches the steady-state value the fastest without being ...
In the special case of overdamped dynamics, the inertia of the particle is negligible in comparison to the damping force, and the trajectory () is described by the overdamped Langevin equation = + () +, where is the damping constant.
In graph theory, the outer boundary of a subset S of the vertices of a graph G is the set of vertices in G that are adjacent to vertices in S, but not in S themselves. The inner boundary is the set of vertices in S that have a neighbor outside S.
Forbidden graph characterizations may be used in algorithms for testing whether a graph belongs to a given family. In many cases, it is possible to test in polynomial time whether a given graph contains any of the members of the obstruction set, and therefore whether it belongs to the family defined by that obstruction set.
Its authors have divided Elementary Number Theory, Group Theory and Ramanujan Graphs into four chapters. The first of these provides background in graph theory, including material on the girth of graphs (the length of the shortest cycle), on graph coloring, and on the use of the probabilistic method to prove the existence of graphs for which both the girth and the number of colors needed are ...
The damping ratio is a system parameter, denoted by ζ ("zeta"), that can vary from undamped (ζ = 0), underdamped (ζ < 1) through critically damped (ζ = 1) to overdamped (ζ > 1). The behaviour of oscillating systems is often of interest in a diverse range of disciplines that include control engineering , chemical engineering , mechanical ...
In statistical mechanics and information theory, the Fokker–Planck equation is a partial differential equation that describes the time evolution of the probability density function of the velocity of a particle under the influence of drag forces and random forces, as in Brownian motion. The equation can be generalized to other observables as ...
In graph theory, the strength of an undirected graph corresponds to the minimum ratio of edges removed/components created in a decomposition of the graph in question. It is a method to compute partitions of the set of vertices and detect zones of high concentration of edges, and is analogous to graph toughness which is defined similarly for vertex removal.