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The reaction, using H 2 O 2 for the formation of ·OH, is carried out in an acidic medium (2.5-4.5 pH) [9] and a low temperature (30 °C - 50 °C), [10] in a safe and efficient way, using optimized catalyst and hydrogen peroxide formulations.
A closely related mixture, sometimes called "base piranha", is a 5:1:1 mixture of water, ammonia solution (NH 4 OH, or NH 3 (aq)), and 30% hydrogen peroxide. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] As hydrogen peroxide is less stable at high pH than under acidic conditions, NH 4 OH (pH c. 11.6) also accelerates its decomposition.
The Dakin oxidation. The Dakin oxidation (or Dakin reaction) is an organic redox reaction in which an ortho- or para-hydroxylated phenyl aldehyde (2-hydroxybenzaldehyde or 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde) or ketone reacts with hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) in base to form a benzenediol and a carboxylate.
Hydrogen peroxide is a chemical compound with the formula H 2 O 2.In its pure form, it is a very pale blue [5] liquid that is slightly more viscous than water.It is used as an oxidizer, bleaching agent, and antiseptic, usually as a dilute solution (3%–6% by weight) in water for consumer use and in higher concentrations for industrial use.
The negative charge transfer process is carried out by a complex formed between cytochrome c and cytochrome c peroxidase which occurs in the inter-membrane space of mitochondria. The mechanism involves ferrous cytochrome c (Cc) providing electrons for the Cc-CcP system to reduce hydrogen peroxide to water. [4]
The Juliá–Colonna epoxidation is an asymmetric poly-leucine catalyzed nucleophilic epoxidation of electron deficient olefins in a triphasic system.The reaction was reported by Sebastian Juliá at the Chemical Institute of Sarriá in 1980, [1] with further elaboration by both Juliá and Stefano Colonna (Istituto di Chimica Industriale dell'Università, Milan, Italy).
The use of hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant would be advantageous, making the reaction more environmentally friendly as the sole byproduct is water. [7] Benzeneseleninic acid derivatives as catalysts have been reported to give high selectivity with hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant. [ 25 ]
In the wash, both compounds dissolve in the water. When dissolved in water, the persalt releases hydrogen peroxide (e.g. from sodium percarbonate): 2Na 2 CO 3 ∙3H 2 O 2 → 2Na 2 CO 3 + 3H 2 O 2. In a basic wash solution, hydrogen peroxide loses a proton and is converted to the perhydroxyl anion: H 2 O 2 ⇌ H + + HO 2 −