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Fig. 2: A 3D representation of a delta electron knocked out by a 180 GeV muon, measured with a GridPix detector at the SPS at CERN. The colour indicates the height Otherwise called a knock-on electron, the term "delta ray" is also used in high energy physics to describe single electrons in particle accelerators that are exhibiting ...
[†] An anti-electron (e +) is conventionally called a "positron". [‡] The known force carrier bosons all have spin = 1. The hypothetical graviton has spin = 2; it is unknown whether it is a gauge boson as well.
The weak mixing angle or Weinberg angle [2] is a parameter in the Weinberg–Salam theory of the electroweak interaction, part of the Standard Model of particle physics, and is usually denoted as θ W. It is the angle by which spontaneous symmetry breaking rotates the original W 0 and B 0 vector boson plane, producing as a result the Z 0
In some cases it is convenient to express the classical electron radius in terms of the Compton wavelength: = ¯ = /, where is the fine structure constant (~1/137) and ¯ = / is the reduced Compton wavelength of the electron (~0.386 pm), so that the constant in the cross section may be given as:
Precision tests of QED have been performed in low-energy atomic physics experiments, high-energy collider experiments, and condensed matter systems. The value of α is obtained in each of these experiments by fitting an experimental measurement to a theoretical expression (including higher-order radiative corrections) that includes α as a parameter.
The Δ baryons have a mass of about 1 232 MeV/c 2; their third component of isospin = ; and they are required to have an intrinsic spin of 3 / 2 or higher (half-integer units). Ordinary nucleons (symbol N, meaning either a proton or neutron ), by contrast, have a mass of about 939 MeV/ c 2 , and both intrinsic spin and isospin of 1 ...
In hadron collider physics, the rapidity (or pseudorapidity) is preferred over the polar angle because, loosely speaking, particle production is constant as a function of rapidity, and because differences in rapidity are Lorentz invariant under boosts along the longitudinal axis: they transform additively, similar to velocities in Galilean ...
Electron density or electronic density is the measure of the probability of an electron being present at an infinitesimal element of space surrounding any given point. It is a scalar quantity depending upon three spatial variables and is typically denoted as either ρ ( r ) {\displaystyle \rho ({\textbf {r}})} or n ( r ) {\displaystyle n ...