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There are similar functions in other languages. For example, in Visual Basic it is usually spelled CHDIR(). In Java, the working directory can be obtained through the java.nio.file.Path interface, or through the java.io.File class. The working directory cannot be changed. [12]
For example, if cd is executed without arguments in DOS, OS/2, or Windows, the current working directory is displayed (equivalent to Unix pwd). If cd is executed without arguments in Unix, the user is returned to the home directory. Executing the cd command within a script or batch file also has different effects in different operating systems.
The return value from a function is provided within the function by making an assignment to an identifier with the same name as the function. [5] However, some versions of Pascal provide a special function Exit(exp); that can be used to return a value immediately from a function, or, without parameters, to return immediately from a procedure. [6]
In computer programming, the return type (or result type) defines and constrains the data type of the value returned from a subroutine or method. [1] In many programming languages (especially statically-typed programming languages such as C, C++, Java) the return type must be explicitly specified when declaring a function. In the Java example:
Introspection should not be confused with reflection, which goes a step further and is the ability for a program to manipulate the metadata, properties, and functions of an object at runtime. Some programming languages also possess that capability (e.g., Java, Python, Julia, and Go).
Introduced in Python 2.2 as an optional feature and finalized in version 2.3, generators are Python's mechanism for lazy evaluation of a function that would otherwise return a space-prohibitive or computationally intensive list. This is an example to lazily generate the prime numbers:
fconst_2 0d 0000 1101 → 2.0f push 2.0f on the stack fdiv 6e 0110 1110 value1, value2 → result divide two floats fload 17 0001 0111 1: index → value load a float value from a local variable #index: fload_0 22 0010 0010 → value load a float value from local variable 0 fload_1 23 0010 0011 → value load a float value from local variable 1 ...
In the Java virtual machine, internal type signatures are used to identify methods and classes at the level of the virtual machine code. Example: The method String String. substring (int, int) is represented in bytecode as Ljava / lang / String. substring (II) Ljava / lang / String;. The signature of the main method looks like this: [2]