Search results
Results from the WOW.Com Content Network
The weak interaction has a very short effective range (around 10 −17 to 10 −16 m (0.01 to 0.1 fm)). [b] [14] [13] At distances around 10 −18 meters (0.001 fm), the weak interaction has an intensity of a similar magnitude to the electromagnetic force, but this starts to decrease exponentially with increasing distance.
The top quark, however, decays via the weak force with a mean lifetime of 5×10 −25 seconds. Unlike all other weak interactions, which typically are much slower than strong interactions, the top quark weak decay is uniquely shorter than the time scale at which the strong force of QCD acts, so a top quark decays before it can hadronize. [ 16 ]
The weak interaction is responsible for various forms of particle decay, such as beta decay. It is weak and short-range, due to the fact that the weak mediating particles, W and Z bosons, have mass. W bosons have electric charge and mediate interactions that change the particle type (referred to as flavor) and charge.
A quark of one flavor can transform into a quark of another flavor only through the weak interaction, one of the four fundamental interactions in particle physics. By absorbing or emitting a W boson , any up-type quark (up, charm, and top quarks) can change into any down-type quark (down, strange, and bottom quarks) and vice versa.
In aqueous solution, it forms the hydronium ion, H 3 O +, which in turn is further solvated by water molecules in clusters such as [H 5 O 2] + and [H 9 O 4] +. [63] The transfer of H + in an acid–base reaction is usually referred to as "proton transfer". The acid is referred to as a proton donor and the base as a proton acceptor.
Hydrogen-bonding-in-water. A hydrogen bond (H-bond), is a specific type of interaction that involves dipole–dipole attraction between a partially positive hydrogen atom and a highly electronegative, partially negative oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, or fluorine atom (not covalently bound to said hydrogen atom). It is not a covalent bond, but ...
Hadron colliders produce particles that contain charm quarks at a higher cross section. [ c ] [ 81 ] The W boson can also decay into hadrons containing the charm quark or the charm antiquark. [ 82 ] The Z boson can decay into charmonium through charm quark fragmentation. [ 83 ]
The down quark is the second-lightest of all quarks, and combines with other quarks to form composite particles called hadrons. Down quarks are most commonly found in atomic nuclei, where it combines with up quarks to form protons and neutrons. The proton is made of one down quark with two up quarks, and the neutron is made up of two down ...