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In radio communication, multipath is the propagation phenomenon that results in radio signals reaching the receiving antenna by two or more paths. Causes of multipath include atmospheric ducting , ionospheric reflection and refraction , and reflection from water bodies and terrestrial objects such as mountains and buildings.
The two-rays ground-reflection model is a multipath radio propagation model which predicts the path losses between a transmitting antenna and a receiving antenna when they are in line of sight (LOS). Generally, the two antenna each have different height.
In radio, multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) (/ ˈ m aɪ m oʊ, ˈ m iː m oʊ /) is a method for multiplying the capacity of a radio link using multiple transmission and receiving antennas to exploit multipath propagation. [1] [2] MIMO has become an essential element of wireless communication standards including IEEE 802.11n (Wi-Fi 4 ...
One of the causes of intersymbol interference is multipath propagation in which a wireless signal from a transmitter reaches the receiver via multiple paths. The causes of this include reflection (for instance, the signal may bounce off buildings), refraction (such as through the foliage of a tree) and atmospheric effects such as atmospheric ducting and ionospheric reflection.
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Because of the effect of terrain and obstacles, wireless signals propagate in multiple paths (the multipath effect). To minimize or use the multipath effect, engineers use channel sounding to process the multidimensional spatial–temporal signal and estimate channel characteristics. This helps simulate and design wireless systems.
The log-distance path loss model is a radio propagation model that predicts the path loss a signal encounters inside a building or densely populated areas over long distance. While the log-distance model is suitable for longer distances, the short-distance path loss model is often used for indoor environments or very short outdoor distances.
For the mathematical model of six-ray propagation for antennas of different heights located at any point in the street, , there is a direct distance that separates the two antennas, the first ray is formed by applying The Pythagorean theorem from the difference of heights of the antennas with respect to the line of sight: