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Together with its conjugate base superoxide, hydroperoxyl is an important reactive oxygen species.Unlike • O − 2, which has reducing properties, HO • 2 can act as an oxidant in a number of biologically important reactions, such as the abstraction of hydrogen atoms from tocopherol and polyunstaturated fatty acids in the lipid bilayer.
Pivalic acid is prepared on a commercial scale by hydrocarboxylation of isobutene via the Koch reaction: (CH 3) 2 C=CH 2 + CO + H 2 O → (CH 3) 3 CCO 2 H. Such reactions require an acid catalyst such as hydrogen fluoride. tert-Butyl alcohol and isobutyl alcohol can also be used in place of isobutene. Globally, several million kilograms are ...
A chemical element, often simply called an element, is a type of atom which has a specific number of protons in its atomic nucleus (i.e., a specific atomic number, or Z). [ 1 ] The definitive visualisation of all 118 elements is the periodic table of the elements , whose history along the principles of the periodic law was one of the founding ...
The reaction mechanism involves a two-stage radical process: electrochemical decarboxylation gives a radical intermediate, which combine to form a covalent bond. [2] As an example, electrolysis of acetic acid yields ethane and carbon dioxide: CH 3 COOH → CH 3 COO − → CH 3 COO· → CH 3 · + CO 2 2CH 3 · → CH 3 CH 3
Illustrative is the reaction with tetramethylethylenediamine (tmeda): [11] [Ni(CH 3 COCHCOCH 3) 2] 3 + 3 tmeda → 3 Ni(CH 3 COCHCOCH 3) 2 (tmeda) Ni(acac) 2 (H 2 O) 2 reacts quickly in high yield at a methine positions, producing diamides from isocyanates. Related reactions occur with diethyl azodicarboxylate and dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate:
Important compounds made in this way include tert-butyl hydroperoxide, cumene hydroperoxide and ethylbenzene hydroperoxide: [7] R−H + O 2 → R−OOH. Auto-oxidation reaction is also observed with common ethers, such as diethyl ether, diisopropyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, and 1,4-dioxane. An illustrative product is diethyl ether peroxide.
Like most such compounds, it is highly soluble in nonpolar organic solvents. This particular complex, which has a three unpaired electrons, is used as a spin relaxation agent to improve the sensitivity in quantitative carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy. [8] Chromium(II) acetylacetonate is a highly oxygen
In chemistry, the haloform reaction (also referred to as the Lieben haloform reaction) is a chemical reaction in which a haloform (CHX 3, where X is a halogen) is produced by the exhaustive halogenation of an acetyl group (R−C(=O)CH 3, where R can be either a hydrogen atom, an alkyl or an aryl group), in the presence of a base.