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The encomienda (Spanish pronunciation: [eŋkoˈmjenda] ⓘ) was a Spanish labour system that rewarded conquerors with the labour of conquered non-Christian peoples. In theory, the conquerors provided the labourers with benefits, including military protection and education.
The encomienda "was the key institution of early Spanish colonialism" [8] and the principal means of exploiting the labor of the Andeans by the Spanish conquerors. The grant of an encomienda enabled the recipient to enjoy a "lordly rank and life-style" and encomenderos , often of humble origins, dominated local governments and were economically ...
On 22 April 1915, at the Second Battle of Ypres, the Germans (violating the Hague Convention) used chlorine gas for the first time on the Western Front. Several types of gas soon became widely used by both sides and though it never proved a decisive, battle-winning weapon, it became one of the most feared and best-remembered horrors of the war.
Allied Powers in blue, Central Powers in orange, and the neutral countries are in grey. The identification of the causes of World War I remains a debated issue. World War I began in the Balkans on July 28, 1914, and hostilities ended on November 11, 1918, leaving 17 million dead and 25 million wounded.
In Mesoamerica and the highland Andean regions, complex indigenous civilizations developed as agricultural surpluses allowed social and political hierarchies to develop. In central Mexico and the central Andes where large sedentary, hierarchically organized populations lived, large tributary regimes (or empires) emerged, and there were cycles of ethno-political control of territory, which ...
(1927) From Bismarck to the World War: A History of German Foreign Policy 1870–1914 (1927) online. Clark, Christopher. The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914 (2013) Craig, Gordon A. "The World War I alliance of the Central Powers in retrospect: The military cohesion of the alliance". Journal of Modern History 37.3 (1965): 336–344.
It was often shown through state-controlled media, and helped to bolster nationalism and patriotism within countries. On the Eastern Front, propaganda took many forms such as opera, film, spy fiction, theater, spectacle, war novels and graphic art. Across the Eastern Front the amount of propaganda used in each country varied from state to state.
War in the Balkans: An Encyclopedic History from the Fall of the Ottoman Empire to the Breakup of Yugoslavia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-61069-031-7. Encyclopedia 1914–1918 (2015). "Albania: Besetztes Freundesland". encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list